O Captain! My Captain! Essay

Every decision concerning the ship and the crew is made by the captain; he has great responsibility for his people. By carrying the title ‘captain’, he agrees to attend to all duties as leader of the ship. Part of the captain’s job is to give orders and to demand that they will be followed accordingly; his main concern is the safety of his crew. Sometimes, the crew doesn’t seem to agree with the rules and limitations that were made by the captain, and that makes it difficult to obey them. These rules can create fear and distance between the captain and his people. But, eventually, the crew will realize that the captain had made those rules for their own good. Once they will come to this realization, they will start to respect and to trust their captain completely. They will feel safe when he is around them; they will start looking at him as their anchor. A father is much like a captain, yet, different. A father, like the captain, takes his kids on a journey, the journey of life. He is responsible for their safety and well being through out the journey. In order for this journey to be a successful one, the father has to give rules and to create limitations for his kids. Growing up, the kids understand that every rule and every limitation that was made by their father was for their own good. They start to respect and trust their father; they seek advice from him and they view him as their source of comfort. A father differs from a captain. How so? A father loves his kids. Every decision or rule that he makes is enveloped with warmth and love. The distance that is created between the captain and his crew due to the rules and limits will not be as strong when it comes to a father and his kids; his eternal love for them will allow him to break the rules sometimes. The kids’ love for their father will allow them to get closer to him; closeness that can never exist between a captain and his crew. Whitman sees Lincoln as the captain of the ship but also as the father of the citizens. To him, Lincoln was a unique leader; he had the qualities of a captain and the qualities of a father. Lincoln was able to set the necessary rules and restrictions in order to overcome the challenges arose by the civil war. He knew how to lead the country in the right direction towards victory. But, he was also a father. Every one of his acts and decisions were enveloped with true love towards his citizens. I have recently watched the movie â€Å"Dead Poet society†. The movie talks about an English teacher who comes to teach a group of privileged students. Through out the movie, the students refer to their new teacher as their captain. They feel for their teacher what Whitman felt for Lincoln. They view the teacher as the person who guides them through the learning process of poetry, but they also, like Whitman, feel that every act or step that was made by the teacher is enveloped with love for his beloved students. Whitman refers to Lincoln as a father only in the second and third paragraphs but not in the first one. The first paragraph talks about the victory, the steadiness and the happiness of the country and its citizens. Whitman doesn’t see Lincoln in his weak moments; he sees him as a captain, a strong figure that every one admires. The other two paragraphs talk about the death of the strong man, the captain. In these moments, Whitman feels close to him, he cares for him like a son cares for his dying father; he wants to help him.

Internet Cafe Business Plan Essay

Internet Cafe Business Plan Executive Summary JavaNet, unlike a typical cafe, will provide a unique forum for communication and entertainment through the medium of the Internet. JavaNet is the answer to an increasing demand. The public wants: (1) access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the Internet, and (2) access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they aren’t socially, economically, or politically isolated. JavaNet’s goal is to provide the community with a social, educational, entertaining, atmosphere for worldwide communication. This business plan is prepared to obtain financing in the amount of $24,000. The supplemental financing is required to begin work on site preparation and modifications, equipment purchases, and to cover expenses in the first year of operations. Additional financing has already been secured in the form of: (1) $24,000 from the Oregon Economic Development Fund (2) $19,000 of personal savings from owner Cale Bruckner (3) $36,000 from three investors (4) and $9,290 in the form of short-term loans. JavaNet will be incorporated as an LLC corporation. This will shield the owner Cale Bruckner, and the three outside investors, Luke Walsh, Doug Wilson, and John Underwood, from issues of personal liability and double taxation. The investors will be treated as shareholders and therefore will not be liable for more than their individual personal investment of $12,000 each. The financing, in addition to the capital contributions from the owner, shareholders and the Oregon Economic Development Fund, will allow JavaNet to successfully open and maintain operations through year one.

How phylosophers contribute to build western civilisation Essay

How phylosophers contribute to build western civilisation - Essay Example These great philosophers are up to today greatly remembered for their work including others like St. Augustine, J. J Rosseau, and Karl Marx among many others. In this essay, only the mentioned philosophers will be reviewed; their work and the way it influenced the growth of Western Civilization. Body Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle During ancient Greek civilization, there existed an individual who was extremely well understood like an influential philosopher; he was called Socrates. In his era, he was termed a very elegant; however, extremely eccentric individual. He coined several unique philosophies all the while appearing and behaving very distinct from the normal philosophers of his era. He often dressed in cheap garments, was typically barefoot, and not at all bothered much concerning his look. This was not an ordinary feature of thinkers of his era. He not at all taught for cash; however, he made his philosophy understood simply through introducing his view in simple dialogue. P eople found that extremely fascinating that an individual may become one of the major well-recognized philosophers about teaching and he did not yet levy for his philosophies. Socrates was hugely recognized for his teachings on morals. He thought that if every person concentrated on being ethically correct, people could be pleased. People have regularly discovered a few of the pleased individuals have very minor; and a few of the unhappiest individuals have extra than they understand what to do with. In fact, this is not correct in each case; however, it is a common conclusion from people. For Socrates, everything concentrated on ethical and moral philosophies. A few honored his teachings whereas others were hugely upset by his philosophies. Sadly, during 399 Socrates was imprisoned for not having faith in the gods he was assumed to, which led to his capital punishment (Plato & Rowe, 2010, 54). Plato Plato was among the Socrates immense students and when Socrates was sentenced to de mise, it proved difficult for Plato. He had a hard moment bearing it; he fled from his household and transformed his job. Plato turned to be a philosopher and is currently recognized as the major popular teacher of the Western Civilization. Plato established a school bestowed to tutoring philosophy, mathematics, and hypothetical astronomy. The school stayed for 900 decades. Plato permitted males and females to learn in his school in an era where females were not considered equal to males. This demonstrates how correctly over his era this philosopher was. He scripted a manuscript with his notion for â€Å"utopia† including forming some philosophical hypotheses. His hypothesis of dualism remained very influential. Dualism is a thought â€Å"that people possess an immortal soul different from their entities. Plato had faith in the hypothesis, although he existed in the eras of Greek gods where Christianity was not a regular religion. This hypothesis is not founded on Christiani ty; however, the hypothesis is very alike to the general declaration of many Christians. As Socrates, Plato coached an extremely clever student who turned out very popular and well recognize in the Western Civilization; Aristotle (Plato & Rowe, 2010, 67). Aristotle Aristotle was recognized for not just turning to a well-recognized philosopher and teacher; however, he as well was a scientist. Aristotle pursued Plato’

Ethics for a society of humans and automatons Essay

Ethics for a society of humans and automatons - Essay Example Forester and Morrison strongly suggest that â€Å"computer system have often proved to be insecure, unreliable, and unpredictable and that society has yet to come to terms with the consequences†¦.society has become newly vulnerable to human misuse of computers in the form of computer crime, software theft, hacking, the creation of viruses, invasion of privacy, and so on† (ix). The ethical dilemmas however do not rise simply for the fact that there are risks involved with the automatons. More than risks, when the automatons become largely entwined in the daily lives human beings on the earth, we have to deal with many more complex issues which ethically challenge the governance of such a world. Allen, Wallach and Smitt are of the view that â€Å"we can’t just sit back and hope things will turn out for the best. We already have semiautonomous robots and software agents that violate ethical standards as a matter of course. A search engine, for example, might collect data that’s legally considered to be private, unbeknownst to the user who initiated the query† (12). Three Laws of Robotics While we regard ethics in terms of automaton, it is necessary to look at Issac Asimov’s three laws of robotics. These laws were delineated in his famous 1942 short story ‘Runaround’. ... It means if a robot wants to protect in a given situation, it shall not be at the expense of harm to human beings. The ethical laws pertaining to moving machines are considered to be mechanical. Ethics is considered by definition to be anthropocentric. Ethics involves ruminations on living a life which is worthy to live. Asimov’s three laws are an important starting point in understanding machine ethics: â€Å"1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second law† (as quoted in Anderson, 477-78). These laws as originally proposed by Asimov imagine automatons as slaves of human beings. Moreover, they are not even considered to be able to exit relatively independent of human beings. Asimov has â₠¬Å"provided an explanation for why humans feel the need to treat intelligent robots as slaves, an explanation that shows a weakness in human beings that makes it difficult for them to be ethical paragons. Because of this weakness, it seems likely that machines like Andrew could be more ethical than most human beings† argues Anderson (478). However, in the present world, the complex interactions take place between humans and automatons take us beyond the purview of these three laws concerning ethical governance of mechanized world. Altering the Ethical Man Albert Einstein put forward the question â€Å"Did God have any choice?† as the big question faced by humanity. In a society of automata, human beings are faced with another question. Did human beings have any choice?

Parenting Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parenting Styles - Essay Example Authoritarian parenting style is fraught with strict disciplinary principles and temperament problems. Such parents do not present explanations to their children rather they expect them to follow their orders silently, due to which such children develop low self-esteems. Authoritative parenting, on the other hand, is different from the authoritarian style in the sense that such parents are responsive to their children’s demands and when children fall short of expectations, then their parents are quite forgiving and understanding towards them. Children brought up under this parenting style are found to be more supportive, understanding, and responsible in their adult lives than those persons who have had harsh parental experiences in their childhoods. Parents practicing permissive parenting style expect very little from their children, rather they are particularly fond of indulging their children with many luxuries. Such children are found to behave improperly in the schools an d cannot understand the importance of authority in their practical lives. Uninvolved parenting is such a style in which parents communicate little with their children due to which they feel detached from their parents and a huge generation gap is developed. (Cherry).

Family Folklore Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Folklore Tradition - Essay Example Instead, my father’s side of the family is expansive. He grew up with five brothers and two sisters, the collection of which is spread throughout the greater United States, in a variety of jobs and socioeconomic states. With some slight humor, our family reunions always occur at the home of my richest uncle – Pat. Our most recent family reunion occurred approximately two years ago. During this reunion all of my father’s sisters and brothers agreed to meet at my Uncle Pat’s home in Minnesota. Uncle Pat’s home is the obvious choice as it is an expansive estate on the water. During our first family reunion when I was a child I was struck by the size and amenities the estate contained, as I had never seen or experienced a home so large. My Uncle Pat was a highly successful stockbroker and his home reflects this affluence. In addition to living on the water, one of Pat’s neighbors is rumored to be the musician Prince – although we have neve r seen him. During the last family reunion the families arrived in Minnesota on the same day. Not unlike an episode from MTV’s Jersey Shore, or the Real World, the family that arrives first has the first choice of which room to take. As my Uncle’s home is fairly large, there are enough rooms for everyone to stay. Still, one of my uncles decided to stay at a hotel. Even as the families come together under the guise of friendship and shared background, there is always backstories and infighting that occurs among certain people. After the families have all arrived and settled into their rooms a wide variety of events take place. On the first full day of the reunion a large barbeque occurred in the backyard of the house. In addition to the families that arrived for the reunion, generally outside friends and neighbors are invited for the festivities. During the day things such as hot dogs and hamburgers are served and a variety of classic American amenities. While some peop le are eating others are engaging in discussions, or the children are playing video games or swimming in the pool. After everyone has eaten there is traditionally a large-scale volleyball game that occurs. This game is not very competitive, instead it functions to bring everyone together in a cooperative spirit, with children as young as five years old playing alongside forty year old men. The next day is generally reserved specifically for the family. While there is not a singular traditional event that occurs in this day, there are specific events that have been highly significant in my family tradition. For instance, during my last visit we visited the home that my father and his siblings grew up in. While I was initially resistant to the excursion, I soon came to greatly appreciate the experience. The home had long since been bought by another family, but they were selling it and agreed to let out family tour the home. While I envisioned the experience being boring, upon touring the home my father and his siblings began relaying stories that had occurred during their youth. For instance, my father talked about getting stuck in the laundry chute. My uncle showed us all how he would sneak in and out of the house without his parents finding out. While the experience was amusing, it also imbued me with great appreciation for the era and circumstances that my father and his family grew up in. This allowed me greater insight and perspective into his life. Towards the end of the week the family

Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Google - Essay Example For example, in the third quarter of 2007 alone, Google hired 2130 people to ensure that it had the best brains and the smartest people on board its corporate engine.(Dignan, 2007). As Dignan (2007) has pointed out, employment at Google is largely centred around work on the search engine and ad words; as a result a slow down in business, such as the current recessionary period, could affect the Company adversely. But the Company’s recruitment and HRM policies have been strongly focused on pulling in the best and smartest people into the organization, because of its recognition that innovation is the driving factor ensuring success in the IT business today. One of the reasons for Google’s spiraling success is its thrust on innovation and the belief that good ideas can, and should, come from anywhere.(Business Week, 2005). Engineers in the company are allowed a day off in a week to work on their pet projects and there is a high level of receptivity from the upper echelons of management to new and innovative ideas. By constantly staying on the cutting edge of innovation, the company has been able to sustain itself as the market leader through the development of new products and services. There is no strict hierarchical structure in place at Google and the corporate environment is characterized by informal networking, such that the CEO Eric Schmidt himself, is approachable to every employee, who is at liberty to pitch a new sales or networking/IT idea to him anytime. Google’s HRM policy is different from other organizations, characterized by the high level of informality and networking, which is a very successful business policy insofar as Google is concerned. Since the products and services in the IT business can be easily replicated by competitors who can put out their version of a product or service, the cutting edge in this business lies in the development of innovative new

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - Essay Example All organisms that are doing photosynthesis help all living organisms who depend on them for food and oxygen. In the chemical reactions in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine with the help of sunlight to produce glucose (C6H1206 ). The chemical equation of this chemical reaction is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of photosynthesizers. There are two stages taking place in photosynthesis. These stages are the light dependent reaction or light cycle and the light independent cycle or calvin cycle. The main function of photosynthesis is to produce food and capture energy. There are also processes involved in photosynthesis. These are the production of organic carbon, glucose and starch, form inorganic carbon, carbon dioxide, with the use of ATP and NADPH produced in the light dependent reaction. This process can be seen in plants, protista or algae and some bacteria in the prese nce of chlorophyll. Light is absolutely essential to produce this reaction. On the other hand, cellular respiration is the biochemical pathway wherein cells produce energy for the chemical bonds of food molecules in order to produce energy needed to sustain life. Cellular respiration should be done by all living cells whether it is aerobic respiration which is in the presence of oxygen or anaerobic respiration. In this process, glucose is broken down into water, carbon dioxide and energy. This breakdown of food occurs in the mitochondria which releases energy. There are 4 stages involved in cellular respiration, Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Like photosynthesis, ATP is also produces in this process, occurs in all living organisms. Unlike in photosynthesis wherein sunlight is needed, cellular respiration happens all the time and no catalyst is required. Oxygen is absorbed through this process and carbon dioxide is released. In addition to this processes, energy should also be understood. So, what is energy? It is the ability to do work and make things move. According to the Law of Thermodynamics, energy can be changed but is not created or destroyed. Due the inefficiency of energy transformation, energy is lost when we do activities. This can be explained by second law of thermodynamics which says that energy is converted to heat. This means that molecules that provide chemical energy should be replaced whenever our bodies use chemical energy in cellular processes. ATP or adenosine triphosphate is also needed to be understood. ATP provides the energy needed for all biological processes. ATP is produced in the process of cellular respiration. ATP is constantly produced by our cells and consumes energy from organic molecules like glucose. When ATP is broken down, energy is released. This is the energy used in synthesizing organic molecule, pumping ions through the cell membrane and muscle contraction. This explains ho w energy from food is used. This process starts when large organic food molecules like starch and triglycerides are broken down into small biological molecules such as glucose and fatty acids. These fatty acids travels in the blood and functions as an input for cellular respiration which transfers energy into organic particles such as glucose to energy in ATP. Afterwards, ATP is used to provide energy for cellular

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre - Essay Example On his death in 1987 The New York Times said that he was "one of the most innovative and prolific artists in the theater avant-garde" (Kaufman, 1), but Charles Ludlam was not so easily categorized as the gender-bending, sex and drug-filled plays of the Theater of the Ridiculous would suggest. He was more complex than appears at first glance, and one of his most successful plays, Bluebeard, does not involve cross-dressing. This paper will examine how Ludlam created the Theatre of the Ridiculous through his writing and performing and how, in a paradoxical fashion, he also moved beyond such easy genre-definitions into his own unique form of theatre. Ludlam was openly gay before it was easy to be so, even within the theatre, and yet he dismissed the idea of a "gay community" in famous San Francisco comments (Kaufman, 1). In the same way, he invented a particular kind of theatre, but steadfastly refused to be limited by it. Ludlam was born and raised on Long Island and discovered his penchant and talent for acting in high school. He wore his hair long during he Fifties, before it was fashionable to do so and was even more-or-less openly gay at the same time. Thus started his life-long tendency to buck conventional standards and be a complete individual. His acting was regarded as so ludicrous as a teenager that some amateur companies refused to cast him, not because of a lack of talent, but because he had too much talent and was perceived as being potentially damaging to other actors (Kaufman, 3). This was a tendency that meant that he essentially had to create his own theatre on graduating from Hofstra University with a degree in Theatre in 1964. Camille might be regarded as "quintessential Ludlam because it has elements of so many different theatrical references" (Busch, 1) As Busch continues, the play is, in one sense at least, a compendium of Ludlam's huge theatre knowledge, with references to Wilde and Ibsen, among others. This bricoleur type of writing style - taking material from wherever the playwright feels there will be valuable material without considering whether it makes a logical whole, is the essential element of Ludlam's craft. In a sense this type of playwriting, and the performance that comes from it, has its origins deep in the history of theatre. From Aristophanes' commentary on his contemporary politics and the Tragedies of the day (Brockett, 12) to Commedia Del Arte, and to much of performance art there is a long tradition within theatre of piecing together a work from the "garbage of popular culture and recycling it into something rather golden and perhaps garish" (Busch, 1). By "garbage" there is no attempt to apply a qualitative value to the material, but rather to suggest that on their own, these odd allusions to specific moments, performances, sections of plays and even specific words would amount to little. It is within the context of a rounded performance that they become something of value. In Camille Ludlam takes a well-known story and uses it for his

OSHA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

OSHA - Essay Example I would gain the necessary knowledge and fully understand how it applies to the business industry I am in. More so, I would, absolutely, provide the necessary training to all employees; that way everyone is on the â€Å"same page.† If everyone is clear in what is necessary, expected, and why it is important then, very likely, the business would operate efficiently, effectively, and safely. Regardless of the industry your business falls under, agricultural, construction, health care, mining or manufacturing, there are available resources for understanding and implementing the proper health and safety requirements for your business. The most important element to making certain that the necessary OSHA requirements are being met is through guaranteeing that the safety and health policies within the company are enforced Larger business, in particular may not be aware that their managers, supervisors, and employees are not following or enforcing the requirements. This can become a problem because OSHA can appear for an impromptu inspection; no prior warning is required. For this reason, I think I would be very vigilant and actively involved in making certain that all rules and procedures are being followed. Also, although I am not a fan of a â€Å"snitch mentality† among the workers, I would make certain that there were safe and anonymous way for anyone who witnesses serious negligence in regards to safety or its policies; the anonymity will prevent fear of retaliation and give the business the opportunity to step into the situation and fix the problems. I think that if I provide the training, lead by example, and follow all procedures then the business I am responsible for will remain OSHA friendly. OSHA is an organization filled with the research, hard work, and effort of thousands of Safety Professionals.("Industry-Specific Resource: OSHA" 1) The safety professions, in simplest terms, are those

Left In The Lurch Essay Example for Free

Left In The Lurch Essay Jim showed up at work today and found out that Sara called in sick but Jim thought he saw Sara at the gas station on his way to work this morning. It was a car like hers and he’s pretty sure that it was her license plate. Jim and Sara were supposed to give a big presentation to the CEO today and Sara never sent him her slides for the PowerPoint show. What are Jim’s options? Jim should call Sara to see if she would answer the phone to check on her. If she answers he could then ask if she would send the power point slides by email. Or Jim could try to postpone the meeting to a later time until he can get the power point slides from Sara or she could be there for the presentation. What does he actually know and what does he think he knows? Does it matter? Jim knows that Sara called in sick and they were to give a big presentation to the CEO and he also knows he doesn’t have her slides for the Power Point show. Jim thinks he saw Sara at the gas station because he saw a car that looked like hers and he thought the license plate was her number. It doesn’t matter why she called in sick or if it was her at the gas station. Jim still needs to find a solution to his problem before the presentation. How could he apply the character qualities you’ve learned about so far (persistence, enthusiasm, optimism, and self-control) in this situation? Being positive in this state of affairs and having the determination to get through this presentation. Being optimistic will help him give the performance without Sara. Jim can exhibit self-control by not getting upset and blaming everything on Sara, when he should be focusing on the presentation. Jim exhibiting self-control, being optimistic, being persistent and enthusiastic all plays a major role in the way he is going handle this problem. These qualities will help Jim to make new slides for his presentation and overcome the urge to be upset with Sara. His ability to show enthusiasm will help him to deliver his presentation to the CEO. What should he do? Jim should try and call Sara to see if she can email the slides. If he can’t get a hold of Sara, Jim can do the slides himself and go into the meeting with confidence and enthusiasm. Jim should focus on getting through the meeting by doing the best that he can do in this type of situation by, showing that he can overcome and adapt to the situation he is facing.

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application

Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. SERVICES: Xxx is providing its services to companies which are in the field of production, quality control etc with their rich expertise and experience and information technology they are in best position to provide software solutions to distinct business requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The project is fully integrated with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution and developed in a manner that is easily manageable, time saving and relieving one form semi automated. Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary Healthcare Web Technology Application Primary health care ABSTRACT Primary Health Care is committed to helping patients take control of their health. This system is virtual, but our physicians and their dedication is real. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our health-care providers offer advice and treatment for a variety of conditions. Patients can communicate securely and confidentially with our physicians throughout the treatment process using our messaging system. As a physician-owned company, we are committed to helping our patients receive the utmost care and medical attention. Primary Health Care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. ORGANIZATION PROFILE Software Solutions is an IT solution provider for a dynamic environment where business and technology strategies converge. Their approach focuses on new ways of business combining IT innovation and adoption while also leveraging an organizations current IT assets. Their work with large global corporations and new products or services and to implement prudent business and technology strategies in todays environment. Xxxxxxxs RANGE OF EXPERTISE INCLUDES: Software Development Services Engineering Services Systems Integration Customer Relationship Management Product Development Electronic Commerce Consulting IT Outsourcing We apply technology with innovation and responsibility to achieve two broad objectives: Effectively address the business issues our customers face today. Generate new opportunities that will help them stay ahead in the future. THIS APPROACH RESTS ON: A strategy where we architect, integrate and manage technology services and solutions we call it AIM for success. A robust offshore development methodology and reduced demand on customer resources. A focus on the use of reusable frameworks to provide cost and times benefits. They combine the best people, processes and technology to achieve excellent results consistency. We offer customers the advantages of: SPEED: They understand the importance of timing, of getting there before the competition. A rich portfolio of reusable, modular frameworks helps jump-start projects. Tried and tested methodology ensures that we follow a predictable, low risk path to achieve results. Our track record is testimony to complex projects delivered within and evens before schedule. EXPERTISE: Our teams combine cutting edge technology skills with rich domain expertise. Whats equally important they share a strong customer orientation that means they actually start by listening to the customer. Theyre focused on coming up with solutions that serve customer requirements today and anticipate future needs. A FULL SERVICE PORTFOLIO: They offer customers the advantage of being able to Architect, integrate and manage technology services. This means that they can rely on one, fully accountable source instead of trying to integrate disparate multi vendor solutions. SERVICES: Xxx is providing its services to companies which are in the field of production, quality control etc with their rich expertise and experience and information technology they are in best position to provide software solutions to distinct business requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT The project is fully integrated with Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution and developed in a manner that is easily manageable, time saving and relieving one form semi automated. Primary health care delivers quality healthcare through innovative services. Using secure, web-based technologies provided by Medical Web, our physicians provide advice and treatment for a variety of healthcare conditions. Our services include: Treatment of Non-emergent Conditions Mental Health Naturopathic Advice Remedies Physician Advice Laboratory Interpretations All of our services are provided through the Internet in a secure and confidential manner. A secure communication portal is established between the patient and a Primary health care provider to allow one-on-one interaction. Physicians can discuss treatment options with patients and patients can respond. By building a trusting relationship, Primary health care can effectively provide a direct benefit to each and every patient. 1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system is a manual system. Here the User of the system needs to save his information in the form of excel sheets or Disk Drives. There is no sharing is possible if the data is in the form of paper or Disk drives. There is no online appointment facility. The manual system gives us very less security for saving data; some data may be lost due to mismanagement. There is no rich user interface. Its a limited system and fewer users friendly. There is no email facility. Searching of particular information is very critical it takes lot of time. The users cannot able to restrict the information. There is no report generation. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system objective is to address the solutions for the drawbacks of existing problem domain. Using this new system the patient can register for making online appointment with doctor. For interaction between patient and doctor chatting has provided. By this facility patient would chat with doctor. The development of this new system contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. This system provides online appointment facility. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Intranet. It provides email facility. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. his can give the good security for user information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access. It provides search facility. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project development is under process. Report generation features is provided to generate different kind of data reports. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution. 2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL SDLC METHDOLOGIES This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows: The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of the existing system. A preliminary design is created for the new system. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final product. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks. Defining the requirements of the second prototype. Planning an designing the second prototype. Constructing and testing the second prototype. At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that could, in the customers judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product. The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined above. The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype represents the final product desired. The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype. The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time. The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like: 2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUIS at the top level have been categorized as Administrative user interface The operational or generic user interface The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities. The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities NUMBER OF MODULES The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with the following modules: Administrator Managers Doctors Patients General Public Web Registration Search Reports Authentication Administrator Administrator is treated as a super user in this system. He can have all the privileges to do anything in this system. He is the person who received the Profile of a Doctor and accept/reject the registration. He is the person who receives the Complaints from the Patient and redirects to respective Doctor for response. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. He should take care of Backup of Patient, Doctor details and maintain history. He should able to add Rooms availability and Ambulance details into the site for each Hospital. Another tasks done by the administrator is he can generates reports, log files, backup, recovery of data any time. Doctors He should able to see a Patients appointment details on a particular date. Also if the Patient is already visited, able to see the previous Prescription given the Patient, Disease History, Visiting details, etc. They should be able to see the Feedback given by the Patient. They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. Patients They should have a facility to register to the site with their Personal data along with Health details Height, Weight, Family inherited Diseases, Blood Group, etc. Being a Patient (after registration) should able to take an Appointment of a Doctor visit. They should have a facility to give Complaints about Kiosk Manager or Doctor service. They should able to Search for a Doctor and can see the Doctors Profile for an appointment. They should able to book Rooms or make request for an Ambulance to Kiosk Manager Managers He should be able to provide an Appointment of a Doctor to a Patient on request (based on Doctors available timings). They should be able to see the Complaints given by the Patient and must provide the Response for that. He should have a facility to communicate using chat, email facility with other stakeholders. They should have a Search facility to find a Patient or Doctor and can check their Profile or History details. He should to receive the Rooms Booking or request for an Ambulance of a particular Hospital and make arrangement/approve the same for a Patient. General Public General Public (i.e. Guest visitors) should able to access the site Home page, Registration Page, etc. common pages of the site. This user should able to see the Doctors Schedules, Contact details, Specialization details, etc. They should able to Search for a Doctor. They should able to see the Rooms available, Ambulance availability of a particular Hospital. Web Registration The system has a process of registration. Every User need to submit his complete details in the form of registration. Whenever a User registration completed automatically he/she can get a user id and password. By using that user id and password he/she can log into the system. Search: This system provides search facility to the patients. Patient can search for Doctors and their available timings for take appointments Reports Different kind of reports is generated by the system. Patients History and prescriptions Doctors list Lab reports Daily Monthly Reports, Appointment list of Patients for Kiosk Managers Authentication: Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system. Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the request will throw back. 2.4 System Requirement Specifications Hardware Requirements: PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above RAM 512MB and Above HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above Software Requirements: WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server) Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS) Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition 2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM To debug the existing system, remove procedures those cause data redundancy, make navigational sequence proper. To provide information about users on different level and also to reflect the current work status depending on organization. To build strong password mechanism. NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION We all know the importance of computerization. The world is moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s) within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy. The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the basis of following factors: Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations. There will be more data integrity. Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving information from users. Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making? To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work. Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level, Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document report and the current status of the audit. 2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are follows: Inputs: Admin enter his user id and password for login Admin accept the Doctor registration. User enters his user id and password for login. Patient registers for the Appointment. New user gives his completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Administrator giving information to generate various kinds of reports. Outputs: Admin can have his own home page. Admin get all Doctors details. Admin can view all Patients details. Users enter their own home page. Admin will get the login information of a particular user. The new users data will be stored in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria. Different kind of reports is generated by administrator. 2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are shown in parentheses) USER NAME (USER) The user identification is that which is required by the server for access to its file system. This command will normally be the first command transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some servers may require this). PASSWORD (PASS) This command must be immediately preceded by the user name command, and, for some sites, completes the users identification for access control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in general to mask it or suppress type out. Feasibility Report Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation: Technical Feasibility Operational Feasibility Economical Feasibility 3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the following: Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested? Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use the new system? Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of users? Can the system be upgraded if developed? Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security? Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of ‘Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The current system developed is technically feasible. It is a web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users. The databases purpose is to create, establish and maintain a workflow among various entities in order to facilitate all concerned users in their various capacities or roles. Permission to the users would be granted based on the roles specified. Therefore, it provides the technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security. The software and hard requirements for the development of this project are not many and are already available in-house at NIC or are available as free as open source. The work for the project is done with the current equipment and existing software technology. Necessary bandwidth exists for providing a fast feedback to the users irrespective of the number of users using the system. 3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned out into information system. That will meet the organizations operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: Is there sufficient support for the management from the users? Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented? Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So there is no question of resistance from the users that can undermine the possible application benefits. The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and would help in the improvement of performance status. 3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY A system can be developed technically and that will be used if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system is developed using the existing resources and technologies available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical feasibility for certain. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites from a remote location. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at clients location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation. 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OUTPUT DESIGN Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly. OUTPUT DEFINITION The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points: Type of the output Content of the output Format of the output Location of the output Frequency of the output Volume of the output Sequence of the output It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most suitable. For Example Will decimal points need to be inserted Should leading zeros be suppressed. Output Media: In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the output media are: The suitability for the device to the particular application. The need for a hard copy. The response time required. The location of the users The software and hardware available. Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification are: The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. INPUT STAGES: The main input stages can be listed as below: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction INPUT TYPES: It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows: External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system. Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system. Operational, which are computer departments communications to the system? Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue. INPUT MEDIA: At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to; Type of input Flexibility of format Speed Accuracy Verification methods Rejection rates Ease of correction Storage and handling requirements Security Easy to use Portability Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable input device. ERROR AVOIDANCE At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of careful control each time the data is handled. ERROR DETECTION Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors can be discovered by using validations to check the input data. DATA VALIDATION Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Tourism has become the main focus for countries mainly for Small Island developing states and has affected residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. So, there is a need to understand how local residents perceptions contribute towards tourism. The purpose of the study is mainly to provide a theoretical basis and framework for assessing host attitudes on the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism and the environment are interrelated; the relationship between tourism and the environment has been universally recognized with the rapid increasing demand of tourists interacting with the natural environment. Tourism has the capacity to preserve as well as to destroy the environment. Studying the environmental impacts is a critical component of understanding how tourism affects the environment in Mauritius. An extensive literature covers the nature of the main interaction of tourist and host, characteristics of host-tourist relationship and thei r association with the environment. Researchers have been more interested towards the interaction between the tourists and the host. However, there are previous studies that have looked into the issue from tourist perspective. For achieving the purpose of the study a questionnaire was designed and a survey was done among the local residents. For the analysis part, quantitative approach was applied and the aim and objectives were in line with the majority of relevant literature. Consequently the methodology was elaborated, the sampling designs adopted, choice of instrument used, data collection follow the requirements, the limitation of the study was discussed and this leading to the conclusion and recommendation of the study. 1.1 Profile of Mauritius Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean situated in the African continent. The area of Mauritius is about 2,040 sq.km. and its population is around 1.3 million. The ethnic groups consist of: Indo-Mauritians 68%, Creoles 27 %, Sino-Mauritian 3% and Franco-Mauritian 2%.Religions found in Mauritius are: Hindu 48 %, Creoles 27 %, Muslim 16.6 %, Christian 8.6% and others 2.5 %. Since 1968, Mauritius has evolved from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial and tourist sectors. The economy rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel and financial services and it is also expanding into information technology. Annual tourism growth has been in the range of 5 % to 6%. This remarkable growth has led to more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and much improved infrastructure. Mauritius is has become is one among the most successful and competitive economies in Af rica; 2010 GDP at market prices was estimated at $9.5 billion and per capita income at $7,420, one of the highest in Africa. Moreover, Mauritius also has international relations with countries found in the west ,with India and countries of southern and eastern Africa. It is a member of the African Union (AU), World Trade Organization (WTO), the commonwealth, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Commission, the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. 1.2 Problem Statement Tourism is a major industry and remains a valuable sector in many countries of the world. Tourism also contributes significantly to the countrys economy. Like most destinations; the development of tourism presents challenges to a countrys environment. As tourism development become more widespread, there tend to be changes in the environment (Husband Harrison, 1996), the capacity to absorb large numbers of people will be challenged (WTO, 1990) and environmental problems tend to rise. Recently, Mauritius has been facing some considerable negative environmental impacts from the tourist industry. This issue is quite debatable, because negative environmental impacts of tourism must be minimized and the aim must be towards building a green Mauritius. The challenge is therefore to maintain the long-term sustainability of tourist industry in Mauritius and subsequently derive benefits from it. Very oftten, tourism is seen as an opportunity for economic development, a tool for natural resourc e conservation and an opportunity for community development and empowerment of locals. As such, it becomes important to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius and to know whether residents support tourism development occurring or not. Understanding residents attitudes is complicated. Research shows that residents attitudes towards the environment are an indication of support for tourism development (Gursoy, 2002 Jurowski, 1997). A good understanding of the factors influencing support for development is important for residents, investors and policy makers (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). Residents must have positive perceptions of tourism in order to sustain tourism development in a country and it is agreed that active support from the host population contributes towards sustainability of a country. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism impacts are very complex to model as such investigating residents perceptions is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impacts prevailing in a country and to know residents support for future tourism development. The purpose of this study is therefore, to analyze environmental impacts in Mauritius resulting from tourism activities with the objectives to understand the nature of these impacts. To meet the above goals, four specific objectives have been developed. The objectives are as follows: To investigate residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius To find out if residents in Mauritius are aware of environmental issues To investigate the extent to which locals are involved in sustaining the environment To measure residents attitudes and responsibility towards environmental practices  Ã‚   Following these objectives two hypotheses have been put forward for testing. H1: There is a significant relationship between length of residency and positive environmental impacts of tourism H 5: There is a significant relationship between gender and environment oriented activities 1.4 Outline of dissertation Chapter 1-Introduction This chapter outlines the purpose of the research and the layout of the dissertation. The profile of our study that is Mauritius is also found in this chapter. Chapter 2-Literature Review In this chapter, the literature review consists of the various issues such as: residents perceptions towards tourism, positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism, tourism development and environmental sustainability in Mauritius. Chapter 3-Methodology This part covers the type of methodology that was used for conducting the survey and also highlights the limitation of the survey. Chapter 4-Results and Discussions This part shows the results obtained from the questionnaires that were distributed to residents in different regions. Data has been analyzed using graphical and Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Software. Chapter 5-Conclusions and Recommendations The last part identifies the possible solutions for the problems encountered with the poor involvement of locals and of the positive perceptions of residents towards environmental impacts of tourism, leading to a concluding note of the project. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The Tourism Industry is regarded as one of the most important and fastest growing industry around the world. Travel has been of great interest to people since the beginning of the civilization. Recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in tourists arrivals, especially in small island states. According to UNWTO, tourism will continue to grow in 2011. Tourism sector has suffered from the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, but thanks to the improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has been able to recover from the decline brought in the financial crisis (United Nations, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world and this industry is expected to generate about 9% of global GDP and provide for more than 235 million jobs representing 8 % of global employment (Merco Press, 2010).The WTO has set up the long-term forecast of the assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 y ears of the new millennium known as the Tourism 2020 vision.UNWTOs Tourism 2020 vision predicts that international arrivals are expected to be over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. Among the worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2 will be within the same region and 0.4 will be long distance travellers. The top three receiving regions will be Europe with 717 million tourists, East Asia and the Pacific around 397 million and the Americas with 282 million, followed by the Africa, Middle East and South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). As such, the tourist will continue to be a flourishing industry in the coming years. Tourism has been described as the smokeless industry that can bring maximum benefit to a community as compared to other economic activities. 2.2 Tourism impacts There are many academic researchers that have been done on the impacts of tourism. Many local communities believe that tourism bring changes in social, cultural, environmental and economic positions where tourism activities have had a close connection with the local communities (Beeton, 2006; Richards Hall, 2000).It is imperative to understand and assess tourism impacts so as to ensure that sustainability is maintained in the long-term of the tourism industry (Diedrich Garcia-Buades, 2008).As such, it becomes important to understand tourism impacts towards the community. Thus, the model at figure 1 helps to illustrate tourism impacts on the community. 2.2.1 Model of Support for Tourism development In the twenty-first century, researchers on tourism believe that there are two categories of impacts which are the positive and negative impacts and they have a direct occurrence on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000). For example, as Ryan (1991) states that the greatest impacts of tourism will occur when there is a greater gap between the culture and income level of both host and tourist. Locals perceptions towards the tourism impacts can vary significantly. According to Sharma (2004), if residents have more positive attititudes towards tourism impacts, tourism development will be more successful in a community. If residents benefit from tourism development they support additional tourism planning and development in a community. Gursoy Rutherford (2004) outlines that tourism developers need to consider the perceptions and attitudes of residents before investing in scarce resources. In addition, understanding of residents perceptions towards tourism impacts can also help in identifying the types of tourism which have the potential for building community capacity (Moscardo, 2008, p.86). So, there exist different types of tourism impacts which have been discussed in details. 2.2.1 Economic impacts In the beginning, tourism was encouraged because of its economic impacts. It is highly accepted that tourism provides economic benefits to the community..Economic impacts are easier to research in a local community because it is small and generally it is more accessible. Moreover, tourism bring positive benefits on local economies and creates a visible impact on a countrys national GDP growth which can be an essential component for community development and poverty reduction. (Ashe, 2005). For instance, tourism creates employment for locals, investment opportunities, business opportunities, tax revenues for government and it also help small and medium enterprises for countries, regions and communities to expand (Ryan, 1998; Choi Sirakaya, 2005; Dyer, 2007) but on the other hand tourism can have negative economic impacts on the society such as: too much dependency on foreign capital, inflation , leakages and a low education trap for locals (Giannoni Maupertus, 2007). Yet, more impor tant is the benefits spread to the residents of local communities (Scheyvens, 2001). 2.2.2 Social and cultural impacts According to (Law, 1993) social and cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences as well as to their values, way of life and intellectual and artistic products such as: arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and architecture. Social and cultural impacts are strongly interrelated and not limited only to the host area population (Glasson, 1995, p.34).In many destinations, the nature and traditional meanings of culture may be substantially changed when culture is redefined as market share (Earrington and Gewertz, 1996). Because of this, a host community may face cultural problems of the commercialization of culture, religion and the arts together with the misuse of indigeneous culture as attractions and be forced to adopt cultural habits of the tourists, such as their language, dress and manner to satisfy visitors (Cohen, 1979).Another downside of tourism development is seen in many parts of the world where tourism developments threaten the displacement of local people . On the other hand, (Glasson, 1992) argues that along with the downside of development, there are cultural benefits and intercultural communication between hosts and visitors that increase good understanding between them and without tourists, local culture and tradition may have been lost completely, as there is no market for traditional products. 2.2.3 Environmental impacts Environmental impacts occur as a result of tourism development in many regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between optimal and conservation. Recently, it has been found that tourism activities are highly dependent on the environment. Research has shown the impacts that tourism has on natural resources (Green, Hunter and Moore, 1990).Most of the researchers have been conducted on natural or semi-natural areas, with very little research done on urban settings (Green, 1990).Specific sites have been examined such as Alpine areas (Goodman, 1989; Rodriguez, 1987), islands (Wilkinson, 1989), coastal areas (Martinez-Taberner, Moya and Forteza, 1990). In addition, most research has been focused around the negative impacts that tourism has on natural resources after the damage has taken place. As such, tourism is always blamed to be responsible for resource degradation (Farell and McLellan, 1987). Broader perspectives of the environmental impacts of tourism are discussed in the next paragraph. 2.3 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism â€Å"The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic sites, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourism movement.† (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995, p.4) Tourism and the environment are interrelated as tourism is dependent on natural resources to survive. There are studies that have identified both the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism (Burns Holden, 1995; Puckzo Ratz, 2000). Some of negative and positive impacts of tourism on the environment are illustrated in table 2.3. Table 2.3.1 Balance sheet of environmental impacts of tourism For the negative impacts of tourism, Puckzo and Ratz (2000) observed that tourism development that are not well-planned often leads to increased stress on destinations and in negative changes in the destinations physical and socio cultural attributes. According to Wood (1991), it is possible to identify broad categories of impacts that may affect all destinations. Therefore, it is important to elaborate on the positive and negative impacts of the environment. The negative environmental impacts of tourism can be as follows: 2.3.1 Water Pollution Water pollution is believed to be one of the environmental impacts caused by tourism. It can affect surfaces such as rivers, lakes and oceans. Chemical and oils spills from boats can cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish and other wildlife. Tourists can also contribute to the degradation of the marine life also through:snorkelling,scuba diving and sport fishing can threaten fisheries and other marine resources. For example, tourism is known to have contributed to inappropriate development around Lake Tahoe in the United States (Iverson, Sheppard Strain, 1993) and at Pattaya in Thailand (Mieczkowski, 1995); oil pollution in water at King George island (Harris, 1991). 2.3.2 Waste Disposal Apart from the consumption of large amounts of natural resources, the tourism industry also produces considerable waste and pollution. In fact, disposal of liquid and solid waste generated by the tourism industry has posed a problem for many developing countries and some countries are incapable of treating these waste materials. This has led to reducing the availability of natural resources such as fresh water. For example, in Kerala state the tourist industry collapses after two decades of fast growth because there was inadequate disposal of solid waste. Tourists also contribute to land pollution from solid waste and the contamination of marine waters and coastal areas from pollution generated by marinas, hotels and cruise ships. For example: the cruise ships in the Caribbean Sea alone produced more than 70,000 tons of liquid and solid waste a year during the mid-1990s (UN,1999).the cruise sector around the world are facing this problem. In fact, the expansion of the cruise sector e nsures that the environment is protected across the world oceans and between the worlds tourist destinations (Johnson, 2002). 2.3.3 Coastal area degradation Tourism has already had adverse effects on coastal areas, especially in small islands developing states. Beaches are destroyed by sand quarrying and are normally not being replenished because of the destruction of coral reefs by waste disposal and pollution. Erosion occurs because of tourism facilities and infrastructures built too close to beach destruction and coastal degradation. Destruction to coastal areas is the removal of the mangrove forests which act as a home for birds and other animal which act as a barrier against damage to sea. Marine life can be disturbed by intensive use of thrill craft, boat tours and boat anchors. Anchor damage is regarded as one of the danger to coral reefs in the Carribean Sea as there are a growing number of both small boats and large cruise ships in the region (Michael Hall, 2001). 2.3.4 Climate Change External environmental shocks could be threatened to tourism, especially climate change such as: global warming and sea-level rise. Rises in sea level could threaten tourism activities particularly in coastal regions and small islands. Global warming is expected to change climate temperature and provoke climate events such as: tropical windstorms, coastal flooding and storms that may affect tourist activities in a destination (UN, 2000). 2.3.5 Land Degradation and littering Land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Pressures on natural resources have been increased due to intensive tourism development. Tourism can lead to the clearance of native vegetation for the development of new facilities and infrastructure; demand for fuel wood will be increased and even forest fires. Fragile areas such as: rain forests, wetlands and mangroves are threatened by tourism activities. Littering cause by tourists degrade the physical appearance of the environment. For example: tourists on expeditions leave behind their garbage and belongings. Such practices by tourists degrade the environment and some areas have few disposal facilities. 2.3.6 Damage to ecosystems The delicate ecosystems of most small islands are damaged by tourism activities, because they rely heavily on tourism. Tourism activities which are not properly controlled can also cause severe disruption of wildlife habitats and increased pressure on endangered species. For example, in Africas national parks tourists vehicles approach wild animals and very often distract them from hunting and breeding, (Masny, 2001). Trampling occurs by tourists, they use the same trail and trample the soil, causing damage which lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts. Habitat loss, fragmentation and erosion in Nepal (Croall, 1995); destruction of wildlife at Zakynthos in Greece (Prunier, Sweeney Green, 1993); disturbance of animals and loss of area for production in Kenya (Sindiga Kannunah, 1999). 2.3.7 Air pollution Tourists contribute towards air pollution. Transport by air, road and rail are continuously increasing. Moreover, polluted air and water, dust, fumes from traffic congestion also degrade the quality and natural beauty of tourist destination (Williams, 1998, p.2) .Air pollution is the result of emissions from vehicles. Although, tourism is not so concerned for the overall emissions problems, recent issues such as: ozone destruction, greenhouse effect and global warming make tourism related to air pollution (Wheatcroft, 1991).But tourism is responsible for a large share of emissions, it accounts for more than 60% of air travel. 2.3.8 Noise pollution and visual pollution It is a fact that noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, discotheques and recreational vehicles are becoming an ever growing problem for modern life. Noise pollution cause disturbance and annoyance to the lives of people, stress for humans and it also causes distress to wildlife in sensitive areas. For example, noise generated by vehicles of tourists can cause animals to change their natural activity patterns .There is a lack of planning that fails to integrate tourism structures. Large resorts may clash with indigenous design. Building and structures; poorly designed do not comply with local building control and cause negative impacts on the picturesque scenery (Williams, 1998, p.2). These may include violations congestion of buildings and structures that are not harmonious with the natural landscape. 2.4 Preservation and conservation On the other side, tourism also contributes positively towards the environment. Tourism is regarded as the catalyst for preserving natural areas. Doswell (1997) argues that tourism lays emphasis to conserve and protect the environment. Tourism also draws attention to subjects regarding biodiversity, natural resources,endangered species and human impacts on the environment. Tourism is also used as a means to preserve natural areas rather than to develop them for alternative uses such as: agriculture, forestry and mining (Master, 1998). Mathieson and Wall (1982) further argued that tourism has fostered the protection of many species since they serve as major attractions. For example, in Ghana tourism has helped in maintaining the natural reserves.. In this way, natural areas become valuable and this can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. National parks in East Africa were developped almost exclusively because they attract large number of international tourists .For example, in Hawaii, new laws and regulations have been set to preserve the rainforest and to protect native species. 2.4.1 Improvement of infrastructure The government is encouraged to invest more in infrastructure and recreational facilities when there are large number of tourists coming to a destination. As such, there is an improvement on road system, sewage disposal, and telecommunications among others which tourists use. Tourism can also act as a medium for improving the environment, according to Youell (1998) revenue received from park-entrance fees can be used to pay for protecting and managing sensitive areas. On the hand, in some places government collect money from tourists in indirect ways. For example: revenue obtained from recreation of equipment, license fees   obtained from hunting and fishing can help the government to fund and manage natural resources and finance infrastructure. As such the community will be able to benefit from facilities such as: attractive places, signage, lighting, litter bins and renovation of parks. 2.4.2 Creating environmental awareness People of the community become more environmental conscious of the problems prevailing in the environment. Tourism makes people becomes more environmental conscious. As such, peoples behavior towards the environment will change. Ross Wall (1999) suggested, tourism has the potential to contribute to both conservation and development and it involves the creation of positive synergetic relationships among tourism, biodiversity, and local people through the application of appropriate management strategies. 2.5 Residents perceptions towards tourism Sustainable tourism development can be achieved normally when all stakeholders are involved in tourism development process (Bryd, 2007). Sustainable tourism believes that the community is the focal point of tourism and planning process (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).In addition, investigating the residents perceptions towards tourism is important because it influences their behaviour towards tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Studies show that the perceptions of residents towards tourism differ from resident to resident. Sustainable tourism development largely depends on the hosts acceptability of tourists and tourism-related programs, offerings and activities by locals (Musa, Hall, and Higham 2004). The active support of the local population is required for tourism development to occur in a community. One indicator that affects tourism development in a destination is the host attitude (Lepp, 2007). In a destination area, the attitudes of the tourists and residents are taken into acco unt. Another factor that is likely to influence the negative and positive impacts of tourists destination is residents attachment to community. Some researchers, Canan and Hennessy (1989) states that the longer the residents live in a community, the more negative they are towards tourism development. The lengths of residency of locals have a direct impact on tourism development. Theories such as the attribution theory (Pearce, 1989); dependency theory (Preister, 2008), the social representation theory (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003), Butlers (1980) tourist area life cycle, Doxeys Irridex model (1970), the intrinsic and extrinsic framework (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997) and the social exchange theory (SET) (Ap, 1982) have been developed   in an attempt to better understand the host perceptions towards tourism. However, it is the SET that have received the greatest attention by scholars attempting to study residents attitudes towards tourism and their support towards tourism development (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). 2.5.1Social Exchange Theory In a tourism context, social exchange theory would mean an exchange of resources between the tourists and the host population where each of them supply each other with valued resources (Ap, 1990).SET implies that residents who gain benefits from the tourism industry are likely to perceive the industry as positive and thus support tourist industry, while those who perceive themselves incurring costs because of tourism would display negative attitudes towards tourism thereby opposing such development. Social exchange theory firmly believes that a need exists to measure the level of active participation of residents in the planning and development process associated with tourism development (Wang Pister, 2008). But, the theory has been criticized by stating that humans are isolated individuals and they respond like computer machines (Pearce, 1996). Furthermore, this theory needs to be further tested due to the complex nature of residents both in isolation and as collective individuals (Zhang, 2006). So, to have a better idea of resident attitude it is important to look at the intrinsic and extrinsic model. 2.5.2 Factors affecting residents attitudes towards tourists 2.5.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Model The factors that affect residents attitudes towards tourism are intrinsic and extrinsic variables (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997).The intrinsic variables refer to â€Å"the characteristics of the host community that affect the impacts of tourism with the host community† (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6) and includes factors such as: employment, length of residence, proximity to tourist zones and involvement within the tourism industry. Length of residency affect tourism development in a community, native born of the community have been found to have more negative perception of tourism development because they are attached to that place (Madrigal, 1995). On the other hand, Bisle and Hoy (1980) found a positive relationship between distance of residence from the tourist zone and perceptions. As regards to community attachment, studies showed that the longer a host has been a resident in the area; as such they become less attached to tourism (Weaver, 2001). Residents who are dependent and involved in the tourism sector are more likely to have positive attitudes towards tourism (Lindberg, 1 Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Tourism has become the main focus for countries mainly for Small Island developing states and has affected residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. So, there is a need to understand how local residents perceptions contribute towards tourism. The purpose of the study is mainly to provide a theoretical basis and framework for assessing host attitudes on the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism and the environment are interrelated; the relationship between tourism and the environment has been universally recognized with the rapid increasing demand of tourists interacting with the natural environment. Tourism has the capacity to preserve as well as to destroy the environment. Studying the environmental impacts is a critical component of understanding how tourism affects the environment in Mauritius. An extensive literature covers the nature of the main interaction of tourist and host, characteristics of host-tourist relationship and thei r association with the environment. Researchers have been more interested towards the interaction between the tourists and the host. However, there are previous studies that have looked into the issue from tourist perspective. For achieving the purpose of the study a questionnaire was designed and a survey was done among the local residents. For the analysis part, quantitative approach was applied and the aim and objectives were in line with the majority of relevant literature. Consequently the methodology was elaborated, the sampling designs adopted, choice of instrument used, data collection follow the requirements, the limitation of the study was discussed and this leading to the conclusion and recommendation of the study. 1.1 Profile of Mauritius Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean situated in the African continent. The area of Mauritius is about 2,040 sq.km. and its population is around 1.3 million. The ethnic groups consist of: Indo-Mauritians 68%, Creoles 27 %, Sino-Mauritian 3% and Franco-Mauritian 2%.Religions found in Mauritius are: Hindu 48 %, Creoles 27 %, Muslim 16.6 %, Christian 8.6% and others 2.5 %. Since 1968, Mauritius has evolved from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial and tourist sectors. The economy rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel and financial services and it is also expanding into information technology. Annual tourism growth has been in the range of 5 % to 6%. This remarkable growth has led to more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and much improved infrastructure. Mauritius is has become is one among the most successful and competitive economies in Af rica; 2010 GDP at market prices was estimated at $9.5 billion and per capita income at $7,420, one of the highest in Africa. Moreover, Mauritius also has international relations with countries found in the west ,with India and countries of southern and eastern Africa. It is a member of the African Union (AU), World Trade Organization (WTO), the commonwealth, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Commission, the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. 1.2 Problem Statement Tourism is a major industry and remains a valuable sector in many countries of the world. Tourism also contributes significantly to the countrys economy. Like most destinations; the development of tourism presents challenges to a countrys environment. As tourism development become more widespread, there tend to be changes in the environment (Husband Harrison, 1996), the capacity to absorb large numbers of people will be challenged (WTO, 1990) and environmental problems tend to rise. Recently, Mauritius has been facing some considerable negative environmental impacts from the tourist industry. This issue is quite debatable, because negative environmental impacts of tourism must be minimized and the aim must be towards building a green Mauritius. The challenge is therefore to maintain the long-term sustainability of tourist industry in Mauritius and subsequently derive benefits from it. Very oftten, tourism is seen as an opportunity for economic development, a tool for natural resourc e conservation and an opportunity for community development and empowerment of locals. As such, it becomes important to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius and to know whether residents support tourism development occurring or not. Understanding residents attitudes is complicated. Research shows that residents attitudes towards the environment are an indication of support for tourism development (Gursoy, 2002 Jurowski, 1997). A good understanding of the factors influencing support for development is important for residents, investors and policy makers (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). Residents must have positive perceptions of tourism in order to sustain tourism development in a country and it is agreed that active support from the host population contributes towards sustainability of a country. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism impacts are very complex to model as such investigating residents perceptions is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impacts prevailing in a country and to know residents support for future tourism development. The purpose of this study is therefore, to analyze environmental impacts in Mauritius resulting from tourism activities with the objectives to understand the nature of these impacts. To meet the above goals, four specific objectives have been developed. The objectives are as follows: To investigate residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius To find out if residents in Mauritius are aware of environmental issues To investigate the extent to which locals are involved in sustaining the environment To measure residents attitudes and responsibility towards environmental practices  Ã‚   Following these objectives two hypotheses have been put forward for testing. H1: There is a significant relationship between length of residency and positive environmental impacts of tourism H 5: There is a significant relationship between gender and environment oriented activities 1.4 Outline of dissertation Chapter 1-Introduction This chapter outlines the purpose of the research and the layout of the dissertation. The profile of our study that is Mauritius is also found in this chapter. Chapter 2-Literature Review In this chapter, the literature review consists of the various issues such as: residents perceptions towards tourism, positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism, tourism development and environmental sustainability in Mauritius. Chapter 3-Methodology This part covers the type of methodology that was used for conducting the survey and also highlights the limitation of the survey. Chapter 4-Results and Discussions This part shows the results obtained from the questionnaires that were distributed to residents in different regions. Data has been analyzed using graphical and Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Software. Chapter 5-Conclusions and Recommendations The last part identifies the possible solutions for the problems encountered with the poor involvement of locals and of the positive perceptions of residents towards environmental impacts of tourism, leading to a concluding note of the project. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The Tourism Industry is regarded as one of the most important and fastest growing industry around the world. Travel has been of great interest to people since the beginning of the civilization. Recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in tourists arrivals, especially in small island states. According to UNWTO, tourism will continue to grow in 2011. Tourism sector has suffered from the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, but thanks to the improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has been able to recover from the decline brought in the financial crisis (United Nations, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world and this industry is expected to generate about 9% of global GDP and provide for more than 235 million jobs representing 8 % of global employment (Merco Press, 2010).The WTO has set up the long-term forecast of the assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 y ears of the new millennium known as the Tourism 2020 vision.UNWTOs Tourism 2020 vision predicts that international arrivals are expected to be over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. Among the worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2 will be within the same region and 0.4 will be long distance travellers. The top three receiving regions will be Europe with 717 million tourists, East Asia and the Pacific around 397 million and the Americas with 282 million, followed by the Africa, Middle East and South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). As such, the tourist will continue to be a flourishing industry in the coming years. Tourism has been described as the smokeless industry that can bring maximum benefit to a community as compared to other economic activities. 2.2 Tourism impacts There are many academic researchers that have been done on the impacts of tourism. Many local communities believe that tourism bring changes in social, cultural, environmental and economic positions where tourism activities have had a close connection with the local communities (Beeton, 2006; Richards Hall, 2000).It is imperative to understand and assess tourism impacts so as to ensure that sustainability is maintained in the long-term of the tourism industry (Diedrich Garcia-Buades, 2008).As such, it becomes important to understand tourism impacts towards the community. Thus, the model at figure 1 helps to illustrate tourism impacts on the community. 2.2.1 Model of Support for Tourism development In the twenty-first century, researchers on tourism believe that there are two categories of impacts which are the positive and negative impacts and they have a direct occurrence on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000). For example, as Ryan (1991) states that the greatest impacts of tourism will occur when there is a greater gap between the culture and income level of both host and tourist. Locals perceptions towards the tourism impacts can vary significantly. According to Sharma (2004), if residents have more positive attititudes towards tourism impacts, tourism development will be more successful in a community. If residents benefit from tourism development they support additional tourism planning and development in a community. Gursoy Rutherford (2004) outlines that tourism developers need to consider the perceptions and attitudes of residents before investing in scarce resources. In addition, understanding of residents perceptions towards tourism impacts can also help in identifying the types of tourism which have the potential for building community capacity (Moscardo, 2008, p.86). So, there exist different types of tourism impacts which have been discussed in details. 2.2.1 Economic impacts In the beginning, tourism was encouraged because of its economic impacts. It is highly accepted that tourism provides economic benefits to the community..Economic impacts are easier to research in a local community because it is small and generally it is more accessible. Moreover, tourism bring positive benefits on local economies and creates a visible impact on a countrys national GDP growth which can be an essential component for community development and poverty reduction. (Ashe, 2005). For instance, tourism creates employment for locals, investment opportunities, business opportunities, tax revenues for government and it also help small and medium enterprises for countries, regions and communities to expand (Ryan, 1998; Choi Sirakaya, 2005; Dyer, 2007) but on the other hand tourism can have negative economic impacts on the society such as: too much dependency on foreign capital, inflation , leakages and a low education trap for locals (Giannoni Maupertus, 2007). Yet, more impor tant is the benefits spread to the residents of local communities (Scheyvens, 2001). 2.2.2 Social and cultural impacts According to (Law, 1993) social and cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences as well as to their values, way of life and intellectual and artistic products such as: arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and architecture. Social and cultural impacts are strongly interrelated and not limited only to the host area population (Glasson, 1995, p.34).In many destinations, the nature and traditional meanings of culture may be substantially changed when culture is redefined as market share (Earrington and Gewertz, 1996). Because of this, a host community may face cultural problems of the commercialization of culture, religion and the arts together with the misuse of indigeneous culture as attractions and be forced to adopt cultural habits of the tourists, such as their language, dress and manner to satisfy visitors (Cohen, 1979).Another downside of tourism development is seen in many parts of the world where tourism developments threaten the displacement of local people . On the other hand, (Glasson, 1992) argues that along with the downside of development, there are cultural benefits and intercultural communication between hosts and visitors that increase good understanding between them and without tourists, local culture and tradition may have been lost completely, as there is no market for traditional products. 2.2.3 Environmental impacts Environmental impacts occur as a result of tourism development in many regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between optimal and conservation. Recently, it has been found that tourism activities are highly dependent on the environment. Research has shown the impacts that tourism has on natural resources (Green, Hunter and Moore, 1990).Most of the researchers have been conducted on natural or semi-natural areas, with very little research done on urban settings (Green, 1990).Specific sites have been examined such as Alpine areas (Goodman, 1989; Rodriguez, 1987), islands (Wilkinson, 1989), coastal areas (Martinez-Taberner, Moya and Forteza, 1990). In addition, most research has been focused around the negative impacts that tourism has on natural resources after the damage has taken place. As such, tourism is always blamed to be responsible for resource degradation (Farell and McLellan, 1987). Broader perspectives of the environmental impacts of tourism are discussed in the next paragraph. 2.3 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism â€Å"The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic sites, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourism movement.† (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995, p.4) Tourism and the environment are interrelated as tourism is dependent on natural resources to survive. There are studies that have identified both the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism (Burns Holden, 1995; Puckzo Ratz, 2000). Some of negative and positive impacts of tourism on the environment are illustrated in table 2.3. Table 2.3.1 Balance sheet of environmental impacts of tourism For the negative impacts of tourism, Puckzo and Ratz (2000) observed that tourism development that are not well-planned often leads to increased stress on destinations and in negative changes in the destinations physical and socio cultural attributes. According to Wood (1991), it is possible to identify broad categories of impacts that may affect all destinations. Therefore, it is important to elaborate on the positive and negative impacts of the environment. The negative environmental impacts of tourism can be as follows: 2.3.1 Water Pollution Water pollution is believed to be one of the environmental impacts caused by tourism. It can affect surfaces such as rivers, lakes and oceans. Chemical and oils spills from boats can cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish and other wildlife. Tourists can also contribute to the degradation of the marine life also through:snorkelling,scuba diving and sport fishing can threaten fisheries and other marine resources. For example, tourism is known to have contributed to inappropriate development around Lake Tahoe in the United States (Iverson, Sheppard Strain, 1993) and at Pattaya in Thailand (Mieczkowski, 1995); oil pollution in water at King George island (Harris, 1991). 2.3.2 Waste Disposal Apart from the consumption of large amounts of natural resources, the tourism industry also produces considerable waste and pollution. In fact, disposal of liquid and solid waste generated by the tourism industry has posed a problem for many developing countries and some countries are incapable of treating these waste materials. This has led to reducing the availability of natural resources such as fresh water. For example, in Kerala state the tourist industry collapses after two decades of fast growth because there was inadequate disposal of solid waste. Tourists also contribute to land pollution from solid waste and the contamination of marine waters and coastal areas from pollution generated by marinas, hotels and cruise ships. For example: the cruise ships in the Caribbean Sea alone produced more than 70,000 tons of liquid and solid waste a year during the mid-1990s (UN,1999).the cruise sector around the world are facing this problem. In fact, the expansion of the cruise sector e nsures that the environment is protected across the world oceans and between the worlds tourist destinations (Johnson, 2002). 2.3.3 Coastal area degradation Tourism has already had adverse effects on coastal areas, especially in small islands developing states. Beaches are destroyed by sand quarrying and are normally not being replenished because of the destruction of coral reefs by waste disposal and pollution. Erosion occurs because of tourism facilities and infrastructures built too close to beach destruction and coastal degradation. Destruction to coastal areas is the removal of the mangrove forests which act as a home for birds and other animal which act as a barrier against damage to sea. Marine life can be disturbed by intensive use of thrill craft, boat tours and boat anchors. Anchor damage is regarded as one of the danger to coral reefs in the Carribean Sea as there are a growing number of both small boats and large cruise ships in the region (Michael Hall, 2001). 2.3.4 Climate Change External environmental shocks could be threatened to tourism, especially climate change such as: global warming and sea-level rise. Rises in sea level could threaten tourism activities particularly in coastal regions and small islands. Global warming is expected to change climate temperature and provoke climate events such as: tropical windstorms, coastal flooding and storms that may affect tourist activities in a destination (UN, 2000). 2.3.5 Land Degradation and littering Land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Pressures on natural resources have been increased due to intensive tourism development. Tourism can lead to the clearance of native vegetation for the development of new facilities and infrastructure; demand for fuel wood will be increased and even forest fires. Fragile areas such as: rain forests, wetlands and mangroves are threatened by tourism activities. Littering cause by tourists degrade the physical appearance of the environment. For example: tourists on expeditions leave behind their garbage and belongings. Such practices by tourists degrade the environment and some areas have few disposal facilities. 2.3.6 Damage to ecosystems The delicate ecosystems of most small islands are damaged by tourism activities, because they rely heavily on tourism. Tourism activities which are not properly controlled can also cause severe disruption of wildlife habitats and increased pressure on endangered species. For example, in Africas national parks tourists vehicles approach wild animals and very often distract them from hunting and breeding, (Masny, 2001). Trampling occurs by tourists, they use the same trail and trample the soil, causing damage which lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts. Habitat loss, fragmentation and erosion in Nepal (Croall, 1995); destruction of wildlife at Zakynthos in Greece (Prunier, Sweeney Green, 1993); disturbance of animals and loss of area for production in Kenya (Sindiga Kannunah, 1999). 2.3.7 Air pollution Tourists contribute towards air pollution. Transport by air, road and rail are continuously increasing. Moreover, polluted air and water, dust, fumes from traffic congestion also degrade the quality and natural beauty of tourist destination (Williams, 1998, p.2) .Air pollution is the result of emissions from vehicles. Although, tourism is not so concerned for the overall emissions problems, recent issues such as: ozone destruction, greenhouse effect and global warming make tourism related to air pollution (Wheatcroft, 1991).But tourism is responsible for a large share of emissions, it accounts for more than 60% of air travel. 2.3.8 Noise pollution and visual pollution It is a fact that noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, discotheques and recreational vehicles are becoming an ever growing problem for modern life. Noise pollution cause disturbance and annoyance to the lives of people, stress for humans and it also causes distress to wildlife in sensitive areas. For example, noise generated by vehicles of tourists can cause animals to change their natural activity patterns .There is a lack of planning that fails to integrate tourism structures. Large resorts may clash with indigenous design. Building and structures; poorly designed do not comply with local building control and cause negative impacts on the picturesque scenery (Williams, 1998, p.2). These may include violations congestion of buildings and structures that are not harmonious with the natural landscape. 2.4 Preservation and conservation On the other side, tourism also contributes positively towards the environment. Tourism is regarded as the catalyst for preserving natural areas. Doswell (1997) argues that tourism lays emphasis to conserve and protect the environment. Tourism also draws attention to subjects regarding biodiversity, natural resources,endangered species and human impacts on the environment. Tourism is also used as a means to preserve natural areas rather than to develop them for alternative uses such as: agriculture, forestry and mining (Master, 1998). Mathieson and Wall (1982) further argued that tourism has fostered the protection of many species since they serve as major attractions. For example, in Ghana tourism has helped in maintaining the natural reserves.. In this way, natural areas become valuable and this can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. National parks in East Africa were developped almost exclusively because they attract large number of international tourists .For example, in Hawaii, new laws and regulations have been set to preserve the rainforest and to protect native species. 2.4.1 Improvement of infrastructure The government is encouraged to invest more in infrastructure and recreational facilities when there are large number of tourists coming to a destination. As such, there is an improvement on road system, sewage disposal, and telecommunications among others which tourists use. Tourism can also act as a medium for improving the environment, according to Youell (1998) revenue received from park-entrance fees can be used to pay for protecting and managing sensitive areas. On the hand, in some places government collect money from tourists in indirect ways. For example: revenue obtained from recreation of equipment, license fees   obtained from hunting and fishing can help the government to fund and manage natural resources and finance infrastructure. As such the community will be able to benefit from facilities such as: attractive places, signage, lighting, litter bins and renovation of parks. 2.4.2 Creating environmental awareness People of the community become more environmental conscious of the problems prevailing in the environment. Tourism makes people becomes more environmental conscious. As such, peoples behavior towards the environment will change. Ross Wall (1999) suggested, tourism has the potential to contribute to both conservation and development and it involves the creation of positive synergetic relationships among tourism, biodiversity, and local people through the application of appropriate management strategies. 2.5 Residents perceptions towards tourism Sustainable tourism development can be achieved normally when all stakeholders are involved in tourism development process (Bryd, 2007). Sustainable tourism believes that the community is the focal point of tourism and planning process (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).In addition, investigating the residents perceptions towards tourism is important because it influences their behaviour towards tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Studies show that the perceptions of residents towards tourism differ from resident to resident. Sustainable tourism development largely depends on the hosts acceptability of tourists and tourism-related programs, offerings and activities by locals (Musa, Hall, and Higham 2004). The active support of the local population is required for tourism development to occur in a community. One indicator that affects tourism development in a destination is the host attitude (Lepp, 2007). In a destination area, the attitudes of the tourists and residents are taken into acco unt. Another factor that is likely to influence the negative and positive impacts of tourists destination is residents attachment to community. Some researchers, Canan and Hennessy (1989) states that the longer the residents live in a community, the more negative they are towards tourism development. The lengths of residency of locals have a direct impact on tourism development. Theories such as the attribution theory (Pearce, 1989); dependency theory (Preister, 2008), the social representation theory (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003), Butlers (1980) tourist area life cycle, Doxeys Irridex model (1970), the intrinsic and extrinsic framework (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997) and the social exchange theory (SET) (Ap, 1982) have been developed   in an attempt to better understand the host perceptions towards tourism. However, it is the SET that have received the greatest attention by scholars attempting to study residents attitudes towards tourism and their support towards tourism development (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). 2.5.1Social Exchange Theory In a tourism context, social exchange theory would mean an exchange of resources between the tourists and the host population where each of them supply each other with valued resources (Ap, 1990).SET implies that residents who gain benefits from the tourism industry are likely to perceive the industry as positive and thus support tourist industry, while those who perceive themselves incurring costs because of tourism would display negative attitudes towards tourism thereby opposing such development. Social exchange theory firmly believes that a need exists to measure the level of active participation of residents in the planning and development process associated with tourism development (Wang Pister, 2008). But, the theory has been criticized by stating that humans are isolated individuals and they respond like computer machines (Pearce, 1996). Furthermore, this theory needs to be further tested due to the complex nature of residents both in isolation and as collective individuals (Zhang, 2006). So, to have a better idea of resident attitude it is important to look at the intrinsic and extrinsic model. 2.5.2 Factors affecting residents attitudes towards tourists 2.5.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Model The factors that affect residents attitudes towards tourism are intrinsic and extrinsic variables (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997).The intrinsic variables refer to â€Å"the characteristics of the host community that affect the impacts of tourism with the host community† (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6) and includes factors such as: employment, length of residence, proximity to tourist zones and involvement within the tourism industry. Length of residency affect tourism development in a community, native born of the community have been found to have more negative perception of tourism development because they are attached to that place (Madrigal, 1995). On the other hand, Bisle and Hoy (1980) found a positive relationship between distance of residence from the tourist zone and perceptions. As regards to community attachment, studies showed that the longer a host has been a resident in the area; as such they become less attached to tourism (Weaver, 2001). Residents who are dependent and involved in the tourism sector are more likely to have positive attitudes towards tourism (Lindberg, 1