“A Case for Torture” by Michael Levin Essay

â€Å"The Case for Torture† by Michael Levin, presents excellent justification for the use of torture in situations of extreme desperation. Levin gives great arguments for the use of torture through clever wording and great exemplification. In supplement to the already great argument, he provides potential counter-arguments and proves why they are invalid. It is made very clear that he believes that torture is morally mandatory and makes great effort to sway the opinion of readers, provided they keep an open mind. Levin presents a great argument and presents the ideas in an organized fashion, but as with many essays, it is not without flaw and could use some minor changes to make this great essay into a incredible essay. The format of the introduction of Levin’s essay is somewhat unusual. It begins with a few powerful statements, but the very first statement violates a rule of literature, inclusion of an unsupported fact. Levin says,† It is generally assumed that torture is impermissible, a throwback to a more brutal age.† Not only is the statement a generalization, he is saying that something is generally assumed, but he does not say whom it is assumed by. So who generally assumes it? It seems it is more of a mistake of wording because he is the one who is assuming that generally people think torture is wrong, therefore the essay should read that way because the last thing one should do is start off on the wrong foot. The essay truly lacks any real lead-in or background. The essay just jumps right into the real issues without introducing them or explaining why it was even written in the first place. The reason for the essay is not the real issue though. The issue is that it lacks background because it doesn’t appear that Levin is actually arguing against another point of view. Last I knew, an argument required two points of view to start with, but as I read the introduction it doesn’t seem he has an opponent to win favor over. Without question it is obvious that the paper is about torture, but the introduction does not introduce the main ideas as clearly as it should introduce them. Upon reading the body of the essay, it also comes off as unfinished. The paragraphs in the essay do not seem to flow together, but rather jump from  one point to the next. While the paragraphs may be about the same topic overall, the transition between minor points is somewhat abrupt and adds to the essay’s unfinished feel. Another point of interest is Levin’s inclusion of two subtitles; however, the subtitles are not complete. The first subtitle reads, â€Å"Death†, but the following paragraph does not discuss death. With â€Å"Death† being the subtitle, it seems that’s what the paragraph would be about. The next and last subtitle reads, â€Å"Idealism†, and accordingly that is what the following paragraph is about, but why does that paragraph gets a subtitle and the previous do not is a mystery because they are all about something different as they should be. It seems to be another oversight that also adds to the essay’s unfinished quality. Though the essay has its flaws, it is not without strong points. Levin’s great use of examples through hypothetical situations really brings the reader in and aids in his quest to change their point of view. The examples themselves do not make the essay; however, it’s clear they are greatly assisted by the excellent use of vocabulary and clever wording. Levin does a great job of using powerful words, it makes the essay seem more credible and creates a feeling that the writer really knows what he’s talking about. Why that may or may not be the case, it can be said that Levin really knows how to write a good persuasive argument; however, his oversights deduct from what could be an incredible persuasive essay. The overall impression of the essay was good. It seemed the argument itself was well though out, but the actual writing itself was what most needed work. Without a doubt, Levin’s essay presents some very valid facts and they are rather well supported in most cases; however, to make a strong argument you need support on every level. Not only do all the facts need to be organized and well developed, but the writing does as well. As previously stated, it is clear that Levin really knows how to write a good persuasive argument; however, his oversights deduct from what could be an incredible persuasive essay.

Disadvantages to Patriot Act

Disadvantages to the Patriot act (USAPA); There are six flaws to the act that was passed into law on October 26th, 2001: It takes away civil rights, by doing so it destroys the definition of what it means to be an American Citizen [ (talkradio101, 2010) ]. The feeling is that by destroying our way of life is the best way to reward or give victory to the terrorist [ (topix, 2012) ]. Secondly, Constitutional protections are violated, the U. S. Constitution is the most lasting, well-written document, and this is why our nation has become the most successful nation [ (talkradio101, 2010) ].People from all over the world have migrated here for the freedom of religious practice, now you can be tracked to your place of worship which violates the 1st Amendment violation), you can be held without trial, without representation or facing the witnesses against them which are violations of the 6th and 7th Amendments. Third is potential for abuse by current administration and future administration s, this â€Å"War on Terror† potentially has no end; there will not be a cease fire or peace treaty signed to officially end the war like in nation-vs. nation wars [ (talkradio101, 2010) ]. This means that the â€Å"time of danger† will never end and that the government will continue to violate our rights [ (NPR, 2012) ]. Fourthly is the act increases the possibility for racial profiling or other means of discrimination and harassment, we have many law-abiding loyal Americans who are of Arab decent, have Muslim Beliefs and work in high profile careers, such as nuclear scientist and biowepons experts [ (NPR, 2012) ].We have come a long way in our many civil rights abuses of the past and something like this could cause a detrimental slip backwards for our nations [ (talkradio101, 2010) ]. Fifth flaw is the use of gathered information by government for non-terror/political purposes, this information could be used for blackmail, embarrassment of rivals to further a career or gain the upper hand in a political race. This information could be used to bring down anyone who would chose to speak out against the country or even someone in political power.Lastly all of the first flaws could lead to the abuse of Muslims and other groups causing a shift in viable sources of information to locate terrorist and possibly creating new terrorist [ (topix, 2012) ] [ (NPR, 2012) ]. Works Cited NPR. (2012, October 29). NPR. org. Retrieved from www. npr. org: www. npr. org/news/specials/patriotact/patriotactprovisions. html talkradio101. (2010, May 18). Retrieved from www. talkradio101. com: http://www. talkradio101. com topix. (2012, October 29). www. topix. com. Retrieved from Topix. com: www. topix. com/forum/us/patriot-act/TUPOA5NOIQKIFN8FE/p3

Personal Values and Ethical Standards

Ethical codes determine a person’s outlook on right and wrong. It influences their interactions with people (Williams, 2011). Personal ethics and professional ethics may differ each influences the other, and sway the workplace environment (Williams, 2011). Companies want their corporate traditions to have a sense of ethical responsibility (Williams, 2011). Frequently, professional ethics covers the same principles of personal ethics, for example honesty, and fairness (Williams, 2011). These principles may also extend to company loyalty (Williams, 2011). Responsibilities Personal ethical responsibilities mainly include people closest to you, for example your family, friends or neighbors, requiring family responsibilities before job responsibilities (Williams, 2011). Professional ethical responsibilities are more diverse and wide-ranging for example, not discussing a patient's history, and putting a person's well being first (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics requires reporting any suspicious or harmful activity, for example if a teacher suspects a student is experiencing abuse or neglect (Williams, 2011). Codes for Personal Values As a human service professional, my values, and morals are set high. My peers and clients look up to my decisions. This is why I relate to of the National Association of Social Workers Ethical Codes, which are 1. 01 Commitment to Clients and 1. 02 Self Determination. Code 1. 01 states, a social workers’ main responsibility is promoting the well ­being of clients (NASW, 2008). Code 1. 02 states, social workers are to respect and promote the rights of clients to have self determination by assist clients in efforts to identify and explain goals (NASW, 2008). Ethical Dilemmas Influences Personal ethics mainly depend on a person's life relationships, for example, what he or she learns from their parents, teachers, and religion (Williams, 2011). People are also influenced by the experiences from childhood dilemmas, for example lying, cheating, or violence (Williams, 2011). Professional ethics is founded on the principles of a profession (Williams, 2011). A person may be legally required to obey ethical principles, such as confidentiality, in the case of doctors or lawyers (Williams, 2011). ? ? Practice and Personal If a social worker suspects that a child is abused, it is their professional responsibility to make any determination about the matter for the protection of a child (NASW, 2011). This is an ethical dilemma that I will not have a problem reporting. I know that some people my hesitant because they feel they maybe tearing apart a family, but I know that I will be protecting a life. Child Abuse Each state has child abuse laws that vow the protection for a child who is abused, mistreated, or neglected. Although each state agrees the protection of a child, each state may handle the reports differently, or how the accused will be fined or jailed. For instance, an individual who lives in the state of Mississippi can remain anonymous when reporting a child abuse reports (MDHS, 2011), but in the state of Texas remaining anonymous is not encouraged (Texas Department of Family Services, 2011). Each state has established that an individual under the age of 18 is considered a child. Arizona’s law states that a child does not have to show any signs of injury when reporting a child abuse case, but this could be interpreted for of verbal abuse (About, 2011). In the state of Mississippi verbal abuse is a sign of abuse (MDHS, 2011). When a case is not reported in Texas it is a Class B Misdemeanor with a fine of $2000, and a possibility of 180 days in prison (ATPE, 2010). If a case is not reported in Mississippi, and the person is found guilty the fine is up to $5000, and the jail time could be up to one year (MDHS, 2011). Arizona and Georgia violation of child abuse laws is considered a misdemeanor if there is failure to report indication of child abuse (Child Abuse Law, 2011). The above states each have different aspects of what constitutes abuse, but all compare that any sign of bodily harm is a sign of child use. Practice and Conflict According to Code 1. 01, it is the responsibility of the Social Worker to promote the well being of their clients (NASW, 2011). Certain professions require people to be objective and impartial, which may conflict with a person’s ethics, such as compassion, and willingness. Individuals find separating their personal and professional ethics helps (Williams, 2011). Some opinions are very personal and may need to be set-aside to do my job (Williams, 2011). Handling spousal abuse is an area that will be personal that I may have a hard time separating out my personal and professional views and values. My problem is that you cannot help someone that does not want to be helped. Spouse Abuse Domestic violence and spousal abuse come in different forms. Whether it is physical, mental, or verbal abuse a person can be assaulted, stalked, sexually taken advantage of, or harassed. Each state has standards surrounding domestic violence and spousal abuse. Spousal abuse is a serious crime and needs to be addressed by law enforcement along with the courts, so victims are protected. Procedures help prompt an effective response to any domestic violence case. Chief Law enforcement officers are responsible for procedures used and are responsible to conform to standards (Supreme Court of New Jersey Attorney General of the State of New Jersey, 2008). Comparing New Jersey, Texas, Arizona, and Georgia each seem to have the laws toward domestic violence. One issue that the state of Arizona addresses differently from the other states was that Arizona has many laws to protect the victim’s service providers, such as testimonial privileges, evidentiary privileges, nondisclosure laws, confidentiality of communications. Statutory law, common law, Case Law, Regulation, outlines these. Ethical Standards and General Principles Professional ethics is the center of social work, and profession has an obligation to express basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). The NASW Code of Ethics has set values, principles, and standards to guide social workers’ manner. The Code is appropriate to all social workers and social work students (NASW, 2011). The use of psychological tests in the courtroom 1. 07 Privacy and Confidentiality j) Social workers are required to protect the confidentiality of clients during legal proceedings to the full extent of the law (NASW, 2011). When a court of law orders social workers to disclose confidential information without a client’s consent the social worker should request that the court maintain the records, so they are unavailable for public inspection (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers pursue social change for vulnerable i ndividuals, and are focused on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice (NASW, 2011). Social workers attempt to guarantee access to needed information, services, resources, equality of opportunity, and meaningful participation in decision making for all people (NASW, 2011). The lie detector 1. 16 Termination of Services (b) Social workers need take reasonable steps to avoid abandoning their clients who still need of services (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to assist in making appropriate arrangements for continuation of services (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle? Social workers are continually attentive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). Social workers proceed honestly and responsibly while promoting ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). Boundaries of competence 1. 04 Competence (a) Social workers provide services and represent themselves as competent within the boundaries of their education, training, license, certification, consultation received, supervised experience, or other relevant professional experience (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers elevate service to others above themselves (NASW, 2011). Social workers rely on their knowledge, values, and skills to help others in need; along with addressing social problems (NASW, 2011). Social workers are asked to volunteer their professional skills with no expectation of financial return (NASW, 2011). Integrity Ethical Principle Social workers are continually attentive their profession’s mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards (NASW, 2011). Social workers proceed honestly and responsibly while promoting ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated (NASW, 2011). 1. 6 Conflicts of Interest (a) Social workers need be aware and avoid conflicts of interest that may interfere with the implement of professional judgment and impartial judgment (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises, so the take the logical steps to solve the issue in a manner that makes the clients’ interests first and protects clients’ interests to th e highest extent possible (NASW, 2011). In protecting a clients’ interests may require termination of services with a referral of the client (NASW, 2011). b) Social workers need not to take advantage of a professional relationship to further their personal, religious, political, or business interests (NASW, 2011). Sexual harassment Ethical Principle? Social workers need to treat every person with a caring and respectful attitude, which is mindful of individual differences, cultural, and ethnic diversity (NASW, 2011). Social workers should promote clients’ socially responsible through self determination (NASW, 2011). Social workers may seek to enhance a client’s ability and opportunity to change through addressing their needs (NASW, 2011). . 11 Sexual Harassment Social workers cannot sexually harass clients, which includes sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature (NASW, 2011). Human differences 1. 15 Interruption of Services Social workers need to make a reasonable effort to ensure stability of services in the event that services are interrupted because of unavailability, relocation, illness, disability, or death (NASW, 2011). Ethical Principle Social workers need to understand that relationships among people are an important opportunity for change (NASW, 2011). Social workers who engage people as partners are helping process (NASW, 2011). Social workers who seek to strengthen relationships among people are helping by promote, restore, maintain, and enhance the well ­being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities (NASW, 2011). The legal definition of insanity Ethical Principle Social workers who continually strive to increase their professional knowledge and skills are applying them in practice by contributing to the knowledge of the profession (NASW, 2011). 1. 14 Clients Who Lack Decision Making Capacity Social workers acting on the behalf of clients, who lack the capacity to make informed decisions, are helping by taking the reasonable steps to protection the interests and rights of those clients (NASW, 2011). Conclusion The ethical decision making process helps in instances which a social worker does not have simple answers available to solve complicated ethical issues (NASW, 2011). Social workers need to take into consideration all the values, principles, and standards relevant to any situation, in which ethical judgment are necessary (NASW, 2011). A social worker’s decisions and actions need to be reliable with the character, and the letter of the Code of Ethics (NASW, 2011). References Arizona Coalition Against Violence. (2003, August). Confidentiality For Domestic Violence Service Providers In Arizona Under Federal And State Law, from http://www. delapointe. net/diannepost/docs/confidentiality_manual. df Association of Texas Professional Educators. (2010). Child Abuse Reporting In Texas, from http://www. atpe. org/protection/YourStudentsAndParents/childabuse. asp Authority of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and the Attorney General of the State of New Jersey. (2008, October). State of New Jersey Domestic Violence Procedures Manual, from http://www. judiciary. state. nj. us/family/dvprcman. pdf Child Abuse Laws. (2011), from http://law. jrank. org/page s/11836/Child-Abuse. html Georgia Department of Human Services. (2011). Child Support Services, from http://ocse. dhr. georgia. gov/portal/site/DHS-OCSE/ Find Law. (2011). Georgia Child Abuse Laws, from http://law. findlaw. com/state-laws/child- abuse/georgia Mandatory Reporting Rules. (2009), from http://www. state. nj. us/ooie/helpful/mandatoryreportingdescript. html Mississippi Department of Human Services. (2011). Division of Family & Children's Services, from http://www. mdhs. state. ms. us/fcs_prot. html National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers, from http://www. ocialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp State of Texas Office of Court Administration. (2011, September). The Texas Family Violence Bench Book, from http://www. courts. state. tx. us/pubs/Manuals/judges/DomesticViolenceBenchBook. pdf Williams, E. (2011, January 19). Personal vs. Professional Ethics, from http://www. ehow. com/info_7820090_personal-vs-professional-ethics. html Women's Law. (2011, August 24). Georgia Statutes, from http://www. womenslaw. org/statutes_detail. php? statute_id=1219#statute-top

Write a description about each room in James Curley's House Coursework

Write a description about each room in James Curley's House - Coursework Example The main entrance of the house from the western side featuring consisted of a pair of columns echoed by Ionic plasters. The door at the central point has some classical surrounding including of elaborated fanlights and sidelights. The rooms in the First Floor: All the rooms on the ground floor are comparatively large in size. The windows of all the rooms in the ground floor are large, nine by nine in size with marble heads consisted of decoration. The division between the first and the second floor is distinctly marked by the stone string course. If one look at the windows of the rest of the house that is on the first floor and on the rear side are six by six in size with stone seals and Greek key motif lintels. The southern part of the house is comparatively broader and there are rounded bay windows on the each room of the first floor and also in the main elevation. The distinctive feature of the southern part is the presence of a dormer with a distinctly broken swan’s neck pediment and round arch window over and above each window on the gambrel roof. ((Massachusetts Historical Commission, 6) The dining room: The dining hall of this building is oval shaped in design, and the most significant part of this dining room is hand carved mahogany-paneled floor with marble Grecian columns. The ceiling is over 14 foot and the length of this dining room is almost forty feet. There is delicately designed Irish Waterford glass hanging on silver chains on the ceiling of the dining hall, which makes it looks more spectacular.

Fast Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food - Essay Example hlosser in his book ‘Fast Food Nation’ states that Americans are spending more on fast food than they spend on other things such as higher education, purchasing personal cars, or personal computers (3). The whole business of selling fast food is now becoming so routine and thoroughly unexceptional. Those who operate these businesses in America are now taking it for granted just like stopping in traffic for red light or brushing your teeth. This business is becoming a social custom in American as a rectangular, small, frozen, handheld, and re-heated apple pie. The book of Eric Schlosser ‘Fast Food Nation’ is about the growth of fast food industry in America, the values the business embodies, and the way it has changed the world. Fast food business in American proves to be a radical force in the nation’s life. Eric Schlosser argues that the complex interplay of economic, social, as well as technological forces determines what people eat (3). Citizen farmers and slave used to feed in the early Roman Republic. Currently, more than a quarter of the American adults visit the fast food restaurants. Eric Schlosser further states that the business of fast food has not only changed American diet, but also the country’s landscape, workforce, economy, and people’s culture. The consequences of fast food business are currently inescapable even if you eat them twice a day, have not taken them, or try to avoid them (4). The fundamental societal changes in Americans play a vital role of driving the extraordinary spread and growth of the business of fast food. United States worker was high in the year 1973 and declined steadily in the following twenty-five years (4). During this time, the number of women who entered the workforce increased motivated by the perspective of feminist. In the 1975, only a third of the women with young kids worked outside their homes. Currently, more than two-thirds of mothers with young kids are under employment. Sociologists Carmen

Evidence Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Evidence Based Practice - Essay Example Part One Brief Background Diabetes mellitus is a health condition wherein the â€Å"amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high† (Diabetes UK, 2010, p. 3). When left untreated, diabetes is considered as a serious illness because it can trigger heart-related problems, stroke, kidney failure and/or blindness. Aside from the 500,000 undiagnosed individuals who are suspected to have diabetes, approximately 2.6 million people in UK were already diagnosed with diabetes back in 2009 (Diabetes UK, 2010, p. 4). This figure can double up to 4 million by 2025 (p. 4). Part of the duty and responsibility of the nurses is to deliver self-management education to diabetes patients (Chan and Zang, 2007). For this reason, nurses should know by heart the differences between the juvenile diabetes (type I) and the adult-onset diabetes (type II) on top of the diagnostic tests, importance of weight management, and other related healthcare management and treatment for this particular health disorder. Rationale for the Selection of this Topic Area As a diabetic educator and diabetes nurse, I used to work with diabetic patients. Since I work part time as a member of continuing nursing education in my region, I decided to conduct a systematic research study with regards to the nurses’ actual knowledge on diabetes mellitus. Search Process... According to Randolph (2009), the principle of inclusion and exclusion method is to segregate relevant journals from those that are irrelevant. In order to address the research questions highlighted in this study, the gathered journals were segregated using the inclusion and exclusion method depending on the degree of relevance of each study. As part of the research study inclusion, the gathered journals will be pre-screened based on the research method and the author(s)’ research findings (Cronin, Ryan and Coughlan, 2008). To ensure the quality and relevance of the gathered journals with the chosen research topic, the gathered journals were critically appraised by using the guidelines specified under the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). When critically appraising a peer-reviewed journal, it is important to take note whether or not the authors made a clear statement with regards to the aims of the research study. It is equally important to examine the research study ’s overall research design. For instance, was the researcher able to justify the research method used in the study or was the strategy used in recruiting the research survey participants appropriate to the aims of the study? (NHS, 2006). In this study, databases such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), NCBI / PubMed, and Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC) will be used in search for electronically available peer-reviewed journals. According to Ely and Scott (2007), keyword searches are often used when gathering relevant literature. When making keyword and phrases search; Younger (2004) mentioned the importance of acknowledging the differences between the American and British English [cited in Cronin, Ryan and Coughlan, 2008]. With this in mind, the

Statment of purpose Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statment of purpose - Personal Statement Example applications, I have envisioned honing my professional acumen through higher education through an MBA degree from your prestigious institution, the John Hopkins Carey Business School. As indicated in my Curriculum Vitae, my interest in MBA was initiated by my readings in this field of endeavor. There is this burning desire to specialize in a highly professional and attractive career, where MBA professionals are deemed to be very scarce in Saudi Arabia. It is my personal goal to be instrumental in filling that professional gap in the Saudi work market with the expertise I hope to achieve at John Hopkins. As I briefly reviewed the vast opportunities offered by the Carey Business School of John Hopkins, I am more determined and enthusiastic to enroll in one of the programs that would fit my personal requirements. I am most interested in developing personal and professional skills that focus on leadership, conflict resolution, design of strategies, and to address various business problem scenarios in the contemporary global environment. I was most impressed with the John Hopkins’ statement towards the commitment â€Å"to help you develop into an ethical, informed business professional—a capable leader who is culturally literate and entrepreneurial in spirit. You will know how to roll up your sleeves to get the job done, how to capture and articulate a brilliant idea, how to inspire others, how to lead and how to follow† (John Hopkins Global MBA, 2011, par. 9). The statement comprehensively defines the fulfillment of my personal goal to be an active contributor in m y native country of the knowledge, skills and abilities that would be improved through a multidimensional approach. If the opportunities would permit, I also plan to apply the business skills in other global markets to enable me to widen my experience and gain substantial expertise on a global scale. Ultimately, my goal to become an entrepreneur, a leader, and a manager of global perspectives would be

Johanine community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Johanine community - Essay Example Moreover, the Gospel also revealed that Jesus is the replica of God. In this respect, the Johannine community comprised Christians worshipping Jesus as the Messiah and following the preachments made by John through the Gospel and the Epistles (Brown 13-24). The Gospel of John lacked information about Ecclesiology, which created an issue amid Christians representing Johannine community, as Johannine theology failed in describing the concept of God. Another crucial issue faced by the Johannine community was to determine whether the opposing statements identified in the Gospel of John were made to the society as a whole or to any particular religion. Respectively, the scholars and the people faced the issue of interpreting the information about Johannine Ecclesiology. In this context, the study of the book ‘The Community of Beloved Disciples’ written by Robert E. Brown conducted a study about the emergence and the reconstruction of Johannine community, so that the a proper understanding is acquired about the New Testament and the messages depicted in it are delivered successfully to the Christians (Brown 13-24). The Johannine community is developed with different theology presented by Saint John as compared to other disciplines. In this regard, the Christians were seemed to face difficulties in following the Johannine Ecclesiology. In order to possess an in-depth understanding about the emergence as well as the modernization of Christian community, the four phases of Johannine community revealed by Robert E. Brown have been elaborately studied in the following. The different spheres of the Johannine community were assessed from the Gospel and the Epistles of John in order to acquire better understanding about the life and the events of Jesus. An analysis of the four phases of the community had aided in reconstructing the beliefs as well as the theology of the Christians. The four phases have been analyzed

The governing body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the Essay

The governing body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the effect that the target must be of prescribed dimensions ad must be acquired from an approved source - Essay Example g body for the sport of rifle shooting has a rule to the effect that the target must be of prescribed dimensions and must be acquired from an approved source. The aim of this paper is to analyse this rule and whether it should be legally challenged before the courts. Overtime the European Union’s involvement with sports particularly with standard setting has been increasing. Borja Garcia of the Loughborough University explored the â€Å"origins and development† (2007) of this involvement. Perhaps, the turning point of this involvement was in December 2000 when the â€Å"the European Council agreed to grant the social, educational and cultural functions of sport special status within the European Unions (EU) Treaty framework† (Parrish, 2001, p. 188. Garcia further opined that this involvement is â€Å"a consequence of actors instrumentalising institutional venues to their own benefit† (Garcia, 2007). Ian Blackshaw observed that through the EU â€Å"sport is subject to the ‘acquis communautaire’ – the body of law that has grown up and developed by the Community Institutions, not least the rulings of the European Court of Justice, the guardian of the EC Treaty† (2007). Although the creation of a standard on the dimensions of the target is very sound, restricting the source of the target is bordering on the ridiculous. Too much focus on trivialities can shift the attention from what rifle target shooting means as sports – a measure of marksmanship and skills. Stephen Weatherill, on the other hand, opined that EU’s involvement in the regulation of sports in the European communities is a good thing, but too much is not good either. Specifically, his white paper â€Å"sets out a case for EU intervention in sport where this is necessary and helpful, but it accepts that much sporting activity is not usefully the subject of elaborate EU supervision, and it instead recognises the proper role of other public and private actors. And – contrary to the complaints loudly

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay QD = f? P, PS, PC, Y, A, AC, N, CP, PE, TA, T=S †¦? [2. 1] where QD = quantity demanded of (e. g. , Toyota Prius or Chevy Volt) P = price of the good or service (the auto) PS = price of substitute goods or services (e. g. , the popular gasoline-powered Honda Accord or Chevy Malibu) PC = price of complementary goods or services (replacement batteries) Y = income of consumers A = advertising and promotion expenditures by Toyota, Honda, and General Motors (GM). AC = competitors’ advertising and promotion expenditures N = size of the potential target market (demographic factors) CP = consumer tastes and preferences for a â€Å"greener† form of transportation PE = expected future price appreciation or depreciation of hybrid autos TA = purchase adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies on hybrid autos QS = f? P, PI , PUI, T, EE, F, RC, PE, T=S †¦? (Equation 2. 2) where Qs = quantity supplied (e.g. , of domestic autos) P = price of the autos PI = price of inputs (e. g. , sheet metal). PUI = price of unused substitute inputs (e. g. , fiberglass) T = technological improvements (e. g. , robotic welding) EE = entry or exit of other auto sellers F = accidental supply interruptions from fires, floods, etc. RC = costs of regulatory compliance PE = expected (future) changes in price TA = adjustment time period T/S = taxes or subsidies. Product A is more riskier as Std dev / mean = 0. 8 and for Product B it is 0. 5 thus A is more riskier Not yet rated Anonymous 1 hour later fot this we will calculate the coefficient of variation of both the product. coefficient of variation= SD/meanx100 coefficient of variation of Product A= 40000/50000100= 80% coefficient of variation of Product B= 12500/250000100= 5% higher the coefficient of variation higher will be the risk, therefore Product A is more risker.

The International Globalization Vs Local Brands Fashion Essay

The International Globalization Vs Local Brands Fashion Essay Introduction: Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon that is leading the entire world towards becoming one market, a global village. With the world becoming a single market, globalization has had a major contribution in enabling the organizations worldwide to step out of the restricted domestic markets and to set up their operations across the globe with confidence. This has largely led to a decline in the importance in national borders and a greater emphasis on what the consumers actually demand; be the consumers located in the very country in which the organization exists or an entirely different part of the world. Globalization has had a huge impact on the branding strategies of international companies. Since the early 1990s many multinational companies, such as Unilever have moved from a multi domestic to a global marketing approach including global branding strategies (Schuiling and Kapferer 2004). Increased consumer knowledge and awareness have played an important role towards this globalization of markets and escalating the power of global brands such as Pepsi, Apple etc. As the competition in global arena increase, organizations find it important to serve international consumers along with local ones to achieve competitive advantage. However for some products and services the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are beginning to converge on some global norm (Holt 2002). From a consumer perspective, however, reactions to the prevalence of global brands seem to vary among the different customers. On the one hand, consumers seem to value and admire global brands and regard such brands as a status symbol. On the other hand, global brands are often criticized for threatening the local differences and leading to a loss of cultural identity. Since the trend of consumption by our people is changing, people are becoming more prone to buying the international brands rather than the local ones. Consumers feel proud in purchasing imported goods and this has increased the power of international brands. Apart from just focusing on where the product has actually been produced, consumers consider various other factors when making purchasing decisions. It has been noted that consumers are reluctant to buy goods made in less developed countries as they perceive them to be low in quality. Brands have also been perceived as being a status symbol and this thinking is most common in young people. Literature review There have been a number of researches done on brands. A definition of a brand by The American Marketing Association (AMA) in the 1960s (Keller, 1998) is â€Å"a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate them from those of competitors.† Research has proven that consumers use brands to help them make decisions about the product they choose (Ger et al., 1993). De Chernatony and McWilliam (1989) stated that successful brands, be it domestic or international, will have some unique proposition that is satisfying consumer needs. Powerful branding will also have a positive impact on consumer franchises. As Kolter et al. (2002) suggests that powerful brands command a strong brand loyalty from their consumers where these consumers perform in a repeated buying and ignore alternative brands that may be at lower prices. Recent researches suggests that influences on foreign product evaluations may be considerably complex, resulting from an interaction of various different factors such as ethnocentrism, price, perceived quality, country of origin, status, fashion consciousness, advertising campaigns etc. Ethnocentrism Research by Kinra (2006) states that ethnocentrism, which is a psychological construct which a makes a product more favorable in the minds of the consumers simply because bit is made in their own country. Ethnocentrism is when consumers think their culture to be superior to other cultures (Summer, (1906:13). Highly ethnocentric individuals tend to accept things culturally similar and reject things culturally dissimilar (Crawford and Lamb, 1981; Heslop et al., 1998; Wang and Lamb, 1983). In a study conducted by Lantz and Loeb (1996) which focused on the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and imported/international products, also found out that consumers who are highly ethnocentrism have more positive attitudes toward products from countries with similar cultures. Highly Ethnocentric consumers believe that purchasing local brands promotes patriotism and they accuse foreign brands of being a potential threat to countrys economy and employment level. They also prefer local brands because of their better understanding of local needs. Quality Quality is a trait which is very hard to define, because it is a very subjective term. Perceived quality is the perception of a consumer about a products excellence. Research proves that most consumers perceive international brands to be of higher quality and greater prestige.(e.g., Nguyen, Barrett and Miller 2005; Steenkamp, Batra and Alden 2003). If a brand is perceived as globally available, consumers are likely to attribute a superior quality to the brand, since its international acceptance is seen as a sign of its high quality. (Han 1989) According to Iglesias and Guillen (2004), consumers pass five phases of purchase process and the first phase is that the consumer perceives the product with the consideration of its availability, quality, price and the marketing activities. The consumers will make a comparison between brands to other alternatives and then make a decision. This will then either leads to the action of purchase or not to purchase that certain product from a certain brand. Country of origin he country of origin will also have a deep impact on the consumer preferences. The country of origin effect has been defined as influences, be it positive or negative, that a products country of manufacture may have on consumers decision (Elliott and Cameron, 1994). It is related to different stereotypes which are attached to a countrys product by consumers. Majority of the studies have supported a strong direct relationship between the â€Å"made -in† label and perceived quality of the product.. The findings indicate that consumers hold stereotyped images of certain countries and that these images affect their perceptions about the country. These stereotypes vary from country to country. Products from developed and highly industrialized countries are evaluated more positively than products from developing countries. Moreover, attitudes and perceptions of consumers toward brands and products will depend on categories, for instance, electronic goods from Italy may be perceived as a poor quality but Italian clothing would be perceive as fashionable and high quality (Bikey and Nes, 1982). This would be differently perceived with Japanese brands as Japanese electronic goods would be perceive with positive attitudes and Japanese clothing will be negatively perceived. Price Price is considered one of the most important factors affecting the consumer perceptions of a brand or product (Hansen, 2005). Researchers found out that once consumers perceive a price difference between local-owned and foreign-owned brands, price dissimilarities begin to affect their preference for local-owned brands. Therefore it is imperative that we test the impact of price against consumers ethnocentric tendencies to determine at what point price becomes more important to consumers than all the other factors mentioned. Consumers need a reference price as a cue for evaluating the price of an observed product/service. There are two forms of reference price an internal one that resides in consumers memory (e.g. past purchase) and an external one that is formed during the purchasing process (e.g. price comparison between brands while shopping) (Mazumdar and Papatla, 2000). If consumers perceive the local-owned brand as more expensive than the foreign-owned brand, but its quality i s similar to the foreign-owned brand, they should prefer the local-owned brand less because they perceive a higher loss with the local-owned brand. In other words, the price difference between local-owned and foreign-owned brands acts as a moderator between perception of brand ownership and purchase intention of local-owned brands Social status Authors have stressed that consumers may prefer global brands because of associations of higher prestige or because the ‘elite class use it (Schuiling Kapferer, 2004; Steenkamp, et. al., 2003). Global brands may have a higher prestige than local brands due to their relative scarcity and higher price. Critical review of the key literature In todays world, consumers are faced with an overwhelming amount of brands available for the same product category. More than hundreds brands, both local and international, may be available for products like clothes, automobiles etc. When consumers are making their purchase decisions, they may evaluate brands on different factors such as variables like price, quality, and country of origin, ethnocentrism, and social status. Price and quality are sometimes perceived to be correlated. A high-priced product may be perceived of being high in quality and this may be because of such image created by manufactures through advertising. Similarly, a global brand may perceive to be of superior quality as quality is believed to be a prerequisite for international acceptance. Consumers today are increasingly aware of products made in both developed and developing economies. Goods from third world countries may perceive to be of lower quality standard. Consumer perceptions and opinions may also depend on the product category for e.g. Italian clothing is generally perceived to be more fashionable (Bikey and Nes, 1982), while automobiles produced in country like USA may be perceived as of better quality than an Indian manufactured automobile. However, sometimes consumers believe that local organizations have a competitive edge over the foreign competitors as they have a better understanding of what consumer wants which are shaped by their cultures. While other patriotic consumers believe that buying foreign brands may hinder the growth of their local organizations. Brands like Apple, Sony, Pepsi have empowered consumers and these brands are capable of evoking associations and feeling to an extent that they have now become an important part of our lives. Due to increasing peer pressure, these foreign brands have now become a necessity for every young person. Wearing Nike shoes may be considered as fashionable and trendy in universities. So the need to be accepted by a particular social group may compel young people to buy international brands even when local brands are available at the same price. Research Question Q) Why do consumers prefer international brands to local ones? Independent variable: Price Quality Country of origin Consumer ethnocentrism Social status Dependent variable: Consumer preferences Research methodology This study is a descriptive study and more of a qualitative nature and was conducted to identify and evaluate all the factors considered by consumers that make international brands more favorable to them. The sample for this research included the 200 consumers whose ages ranged from 16-24 years. Convenience sampling was used for this study. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The questionnaire comprised of closed ended questions and Likert scale is used in most of them. We classified our population according to gender. Frequency distribution and bar charts have been used to evaluate the results. In addition to this, the means of different factors that influence consumers preferences of the local and global brands were used to determine which factors are considered the most by consumers when purchasing different brands. Limitations As the data was gathered through convenience sampling, the results cannot be generalized. There is also a possibility that the respondents might answer the questions dishonestly or half-heartedly, leading to biased findings. Apart from these limitations of our study, the fact that the data was only collected through questionnaires provided us with the frequencies as to how many people would purchase the global or the domestic brand and what factors are rated as the most important by these people, but the reasons behind their buying patterns and preferences remain unknown because these people were not further interviewed. Findings and Discussion Question 1 Do you use international brands products? According to the data collected, 72.5% of the people used international brands of which 60 were male and 85 were females. 18.5% of the people questioned claimed to use international brands occasionally, whereas, 9.1% of the people claimed not to use global brands at all. As indicated in the pie charts above, 18.5% of the people who used the global brands sometimes included 28 males and 9 females, and those who did not use the global brands consisted of 12 males and 6 females. Question 2 If the price of a foreign brand and local one is the same, which brand would you prefer? The purpose of this question was to evaluate and discover how important a factor such as price is in determining whether the consumers would go for the domestic brand or stick to the global one if both the products were in the same price range. The results found out that 76% of the consumers would go for the international brands whereas 24% would still purchase the domestic ones. Question 3 How important is the country of origin, of the product, to you? This question was asked to discover how much importance the youth lay on the country of origin as a factor when making a purchase. The results revealed far different results compared to what had been stated by the review of previous researches done. As indicated in the graph, the youth was found to be mailnly ignorant of the country in which the brand was manufactured. Majority of the consumers (76% males and 88% females) did not consider it as significant a factor as to affect his or her purchase decision. Question 4 Do you consider the quality of the product when purchasing a good? A good quality product indicates durability, reliability as well as good appearance and featuresThe review of the existing literature suggested that quality of the product and its price were rated by consumers as the most significant factor in purchasing decisions. This was supported by our empirical findings that showed that 87.5% people on average considered the quality of the brand above all the factors. This included 83 males and 92 females. The rest of the people, according to our research findings, did not place that much emphasis on the quality of the product alone. Question 5 Do you think that the purchasing patterns depict the social status of a person? Question 6 It is said that people buy international products so that they can be accepted in a particular social group. Do you agree? The results to these two questions confirmed the general perception that exists in our society, that is, the global are purchased as a status symbol. The youth mainly bought foreign branded products to be able to fit in a particular social group. This occurs largely because peer pressure tends to be high at this age, and most of the people find themselves being victims of inferiority complexes. The results to the first of these questions indicated that on average 75% of the youth (71 males and 79 females) purchased the international and local brands as a status symbol. These results were further enhanced by the results to the next question, which showed that 72% of the males and 68% of the females did, infact, believe that the people purchased the international brands to be able to fit in a particular social group. Question 7 Do you consider current fashions and trends while purchasing a good? Owing to education and information disseminated through the media, consumers in our soceity are becoming increasingly aware of the current fashions and trends prevalent even in other parts of the world. Following the current fashions and trends have become a norm in our society. Consumers now make their purchases according to the ongoing fashions,and this assumption has been supported by our findings, which shows that 92% of the females and 85% of the males considered fashion and trends when making a purchase. There was not a single female in our sample who did not pay attention to the trends and styles when going for a purchase. Moreover, these results also indicate that females are more fashion conscious than their male counterparts. Question 8 Do you think buying international brands affect unemployment in our country? The purpose of this question was to take the point of view of consumers as to whether the existence of foreign brands affect unemployement rate in our country. The results revealed that on average 80.5% of the consumers believed that the businesses are affected by the international brands and that unemployment increases as a result. This figure included 88 males and 73 females. However 10.5% of the people, on average, believed that this case only occurs sometimes, whereas 9% of the people did not believe that unemployment is related to the existence of foreign brands. Question 09 If an international brand is not easily available, would you go for the domestic brand? As the above graph indicates, the answers to this question represent differences in the opinions of the males and the females as to their willingness in substituting the domestic brand with an international brand in the case of non- availability of the international brand. The results revealed that whereas 57% of the males respondents claimed that they would go for the domestic brand if the global brand is not accessible, 78% of the females claimed not to compromise and do with the domestic brand, even if the international brand of their choice is not available. This may be indicative of the level of brand loyalty that females possess. In addition to this, only 16% of the respondents, on average, claimed that they would sometimes opt for the domestic brand in the case that the international brand is not accessible to them. Mean number of people ( in percentages) Yes Sometimes No Price of the product 76% 16.5% 7.5% Country of origin 4.5% 13.5% 82% Quality of the product 87.5% 7.5% 5% Status symbol 75% 15.5% 9.5% Current fashion and trends 85% 10% 5% Ethnocentrism 60% 20.5% 19.5% The table above compares the means of the different factors considered by consumers when selecting global brands over the local ones. Conclusion After researching on the preferences of consumers for the global and foreign brands, and finding out what factors are considered the most important by consumers when making their choices, it has been concluded that consumers do purchase the global brands and give preference to them. Consumers gain increased knowledge about international products by television. Our findings show that quality was the foremost factor that affected consumers decision about a product, with fashion and trends being second and price was rated the third most important factor in influencing consumer choice. Moreover, a foreign brand is usually regarded as a symbol of prestige and social status and as a means of being accepted in a particular group. Because of this extreme peer pressure at this age, the youth often views the use of such a foreign brand as a necessity rather than a want. Because of this extreme peer pressure at this age, the youth often views the use of such a foreign brand as a necessity rathe r than a want. Consumers were also hardly aware of how global brands affect the local economy and country of origin, as a factor in influencing consumers choice of the brand was hardly a significant factor. However, in spite of the fact that for some products the local brands are now available in the relevant price range, and quite well meet the quality standards too, nevertheless the consumers of our country find some sort of inner satisfaction in spending money on the global brands. For reasons termed brand loyalty, and even for the reason of social status, our locals continue to regard and look up to the foreign branded products.

Benefits Of Playback Technologies Film Studies Essay

Benefits Of Playback Technologies Film Studies Essay In what ways can playback technologies be said to have changed or enhanced modes of viewing film or television? Before discussing if or how playback technologies have enhanced modes of viewing, it is pertinent to understand how and why technologies have changed. The first instance of moving image on screen was by the lumiere brothers and their arrival of a train film. This was shown to the amazement of the crowd as they mistook this for a real life event. This seminal moment would forever change exhibition of moving images and thus the lumieres blazed a trail for what we now consider contemporary film form. Around the time of the lumieres moving image, moving image itself was an incredibly new phenomenon and in the 1900s the moving image became massively popular, although for more of its novelty. Because of this it became a popular attraction for audiences attending travelling carnivals, music halls and vaudeville houses in the United States, public modes of viewing were now just aro und the corner The first static movie house solely designed for showing motion pictures was Tallys Electric Theater, in Los Angeles in 1902 one of the first modern movie palaces. It was also a forerunner to the more omnipresent nickelodeons (named because the entry fee was a nickel) that opened in 1905. This soon developed into a small yet popular movement in the US and people were consuming short films in the public sphere. This model of the public consumption of movies is of significance with regard to enhancing modes of viewing as it created a sense of a cinematic community. In 1912 film moved from the grass roots nickelodeons into real film theatres. The sole purpose was exhibiting film, film and the industry became more robust and the film industry itself shifted from a travelling novelty to a credible business. The way in which we consume films has long been considered a public and social event, although the glamorous movie palaces of old had faced military bombardment in world war two Britain, and the public were refusing to attend decrepit movie theatres in the fifties and sixties. But when the seventies arrived, the wests economies had revitalised somewhat, and many people were moving house to the newly built suburbs, industry had changed also, as technology jumped forward, the shift was from manual industry to retail and computing. Because of this many people had more expendable capitol and a newly flexible working week, and the phenomenon of leisure time was born. Hollywood in the 1970s became astute to these many changes and overhauls and business practices along with public response as in 1975, the concept of a summer blockbuster was just beginning to materialise. For many years summer was considered out of season for the movie industry, partly because few moviegoers wanted to spend ninety minutes to two hours in a theatre without any air-conditioning. Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977) respectively were at the frontline of this new filmic movement, both films are seminal with regard to how business practice enhanced a public mode of viewing, Spielbergs Jaws, was the first motion picture to see the potential of television as a form of cross media marketing, until Spielberg came to this realisation television and film had had few dealings with one another. The two spheres existed in opposition until this time. Before the summer of 1975, Hollywood studios traditionally did not advertise their movies on network television. It was too expensive to do so and the risk of debt against a pre-realised film seemed suicidal. Shortly before the release of Jaws Columbia Pictures bought 40 viewing slots at prime viewing times, then, for three nights prior to the release of Jaws on June 20, 1975, Universal saturated the networks during primetime television with 30-second traile rs of the movie. this is I argue, one of the first times where these two mediums have existed in harmony, the private viewing sphere of TV influenced the public viewing sphere of film. Mainly because of how television beamed into the private home at times of the highest probable viewing figures, i.e ad breaks between the modern equivalent of ITVs The Xfactor, saturating the airwaves in such a manner shot Jaws into the record books, this two pronged approach to film marketing changed modes of viewing instantly as it brought all tiers of the public together by creating a none discriminatory genre, that is utilized even more predominantly to this day, the blockbuster evolved from a film term denoting a motion picture that had surpassed profit expectations and popularity. To that of a bona fide Hollywood genre, with execs wanting to harness such profitability to minimise risk, public reaction to Jaws fed back into Hollywood and the blockbuster as a genre is created Furthermore Jaws helped set the trend in other areas as well, that of the opening in multiple theatres across a country. Although, Jaws was not the first film to adopt a model of saturated cinema release patterns; In 1970s the public saw the long awaited release of Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather. Prior to The Godfather, high-profile movies would usually play for three months in only one place, either one theatre or one city, before slowly feeding into other major cities and then, finally, to second- and third, small cinemas in small towns across the country. This modest mode of exhibiting film did have methodology, the film was allowed to spin its own hype, this kept costs down for companies and allow people to advertise the movie themselves via word of mouth. The Godfather had hit a new system of exhibition more through luck than judgement admittedly; Spielberg adhered to this mode of exhibition with Jaws. The film opened in nearly 500 theatres, and in an astounding 78 days it had already dethroned The Godfather at the box office. This level of public following and adoration had the knock on effect of creating a level of fandom and fan following, through saturating the public domain of film exhibition with these films; it created a metaphorical community of avid followers, which all revelled in the images Coppola and Spielberg created. These two directors enhanced modes of viewing via these methods, both synergy and saturated release patterns were pivotal for box office profits for both these movies. Also due to the sheer amount of people who consumed both these texts, Jaws brought people out of the domestic home into the public cinema, and through saturation Coppola created a level of public following present in both films, which enhanced understanding and thus blazed a trail for fandom to rise, Which Lucas Star Wars duly exploited with ancillary rights. Lucas utilized both synergy and saturation with Star Wars but elevated the brand by use of merchandis ing, the result was twofold, Star Wars as a means of producing income; was solidified, even if it was to be a box office flop, Lucas was sure to be in profit, secondly ancillary rights gave insight to the film and allowed fans to buy in to the brand, Lucas created a physical fan base with his Star Wars products, where before, Spielberg and Coppola only had a metaphysical community The discussion thus far has centred on how classic texts changed public modes of viewing, and through change, enhanced understanding of the films. Fandom is an important area to focus on when exploring modes of viewing as; when exploring the cinematic world at any length, the term cinephile will undoubtedly raise itself. This is a term given to a person that not only watches and enjoys the film and the world it creates, similar to the reaction to the three texts previously mentioned. As Christian Metz suggests: Enchanted at what the machine is capable of, the film devotee enters the theatre not just to encounter a particular film but to take ardent, fetishistic pleasure in the viewing conditions themselves The term cinephile would have been used to describe what we would deem a super fan by todays standards. Although it has been argued that film exhibition in the domestic setting is the complete antithesis of the purpose of film itself, which is to revel in the sheer spectacle of film on the big screen, and be completely absorbed into it. But with the inauguration of cinematic conventions into the domestic sphere with regard to playback technologies, therein the recreation of cinematic conditions within the home. It has brought the elitist cinephile into the home and moulded the act of cinephilia as a norm for any buyer of DVD; and this is perhaps most explicitly underlined with the implementation of the DVD in 1996. the film Twister lead this new charge, the digital versatile disc movie compressed film code smaller allowing more flexibility and more film data per unit; this allowed more of an all encompassing control over the viewing experience. The picture and sound quality were now of a cinematic rival. Furthermore the introduction of extra features about the film, director interviews, interviews with cast and crew, behind the scenes etc. This gave the audience an insight that was usually the territory of the avid fan of super fan, the audience revelled in this new knowledge and the power it yielded over the film. The DVD in essence brought the wider world of fandom where an avid fan would physically need to seek out further information about a film through television, paper and magazine interviews and the internet. The DVD gave a full panoramic view of the film, from pre to post production and all in between. It gives the owner of the disc an ownership of sorts of the film they have purchased, no longer does the spectator only gaze at film, passively taking in the codes and conventions of the film world, being absorbed into the film world. But almost in a Brechtian fashion, the consumer engages with the film, starting and stopping, learning and absorbing elem ents of the film through their own choice, and the DVDs features encourage and accommodate such behaviours. This mode of viewing brought the once super-fan behaviour to the mainstream public and in this case private sphere, thus fandom which was once the domain of eccentric fans has now become the norm through the various features on DVD. The subject of fandom becoming the norm is significant and leads me to my next point, that of the private predominance of film consumption. The days of public viewing of film being the sole exhibitor of film are unfortunately over, not to say the public event of film viewing is not still popular actually on the 18th of December to the 21st the fifteen films at the box office grossed a total of  £133,519,510.00. But what has changed, is how the public now move through films and film worlds with the invention of playback technologies, making the domestic sphere an easier and more appealing surrounding for film viewing. The ownership of home theatre technology allows a private sphere where people have the flexibility to watch films at their own leisure, without the necessity of attending a multiplex at a specific time. With the constant implementation of new technologies in the home, it is easy to see how they help the domestic sphere in its faithful recreation of a public mode of viewing, I argue this domestic sphere is likely to remain the more prominent mode of viewing in what is now a modern society, especially as soc ietal and cultural ethos has always been progression and not regression. This means, home theatre technologies and opinions towards it will enhance, progress and solidify, although Williams argues that the environment whereby we physically consume the film world is loaded with many sign systems influencing how and to what level we enjoy the film, it nevertheless supports the argument that even though a domestic home is busy, an often loud abrasive place to watch a film. The home world will endeavour in the recreation of an environment similar to a public cinema, i.e. wall mounted, flat screen television, HD, surround sound and ambient lighting. So these two worlds converge and interweave far more than suspected. Furthermore Eric Hirsh continues a similar argument. Since the late eighteenth century, private space of the home has often been idealized as a sanctuary from the complications and demands of public life. However, Hirsch argues, it is quite a different dynamic; Sustainable only through an ever-widening and interrelated set of connections with the public, the world of work, and society, from which it was self-consciously separated. He alludes to that of the domestic sphere running alongside the public one, rather than each sector being mutually exclusive but rather the private domain is existing with outside connections. Both these spheres now have a symbiotic relationship, the modern home and its inhabitants are not shut out of society when they move into the private sphere but rather consume from within, this mode of consumption is loaded with many cultural and ideological arguments, but there is a definite correlation between this and modern advancements in playback technology. The modern integration of these playback technologies into the home is a modern phenomenon and it cannot be denied that their implementation has changed modes of viewing beyond anything that could have been hypothesized many years ago. the domestic sphere has forever had tags of looking at the television with a somewhat roving eye, and the cinematic public mode of viewing has a engrossed eye, whereby the viewer is transported into the film world of the big screen, but these outside connections break the barrier between the two spheres. But the actual atmosphere of the home struggles to rival a cinematic one, nevertheless the two spheres have now converged via modern playback technologies. Although the inherent irony lies that this media self sufficiency is somewhat of an empty husk as it relies on the importation of such playback technologies from the outside. The more the private becomes saturated with commodities of the public it could be argued that the very term private will be a difficult description of the domestic sphere. Nevertheless the two domains do now interweave, which as discussed, was not apparent many years ago. Although where the dominance lies within which sphere can be ambiguous, although it could be argued that the internet is a one way door from the outside into the domestic and with people now consuming huge amounts of film texts via illegal streaming of just or pre-released texts, it looks unlikely that the public will place such high priority on the cinema again, with an engrained ideology of instant gratification, watching the public film from the private setting is now the norm. The prevalent enhancement rightly or wrongly to attach itself to new playback technology Modern modes of film viewing is not only privatised within the domestic, but also individualised within the mobile. IPods, PSPs, portable DVD players and mobile phones means modes of viewing are streamlined so we now move through this media in terms of film consumption, we no longer have the restrictions of viewing in public cinema or the domestic home, but rather the prior mentioned technologies make viewing mobile and endlessly flexible, for instance youripodmovies.com offer customers a vast database of movie titles to download and then watch directly off of their iPod. This streamlined individual control was epitomized in Newsweeks cover of the future of entertainment (fig 1). The imagery has connotations of a goddess like deity in full control of her own modes of viewing, a hectic lifestyle and the act of consuming on the move, her many arms each holding a different symbol of technology, the image of technological abundance and the message being that universal control now resides at the site of a single person, and not beamed at a passive individual, who had to adhere to scheduling etc. With such centrality of the controlling and consuming individual it is small wonder that public modes of viewing is falling out of favour as the sole exhibitor of new film texts. But if there is to be a cinematic hope it will be in Camerons Avatar, This film is perhaps as seminal as Jaws was in 1975. Camerons utilization of the reborn phenomenon of 3D, twinned with relentless synergistic marketing may bring the long lost youth audience back to cinemas to revel in the spectacle of cinema, and may take public viewing back to its main purpose, to view film, in a truly immersive panoramic sense, imparting the audience with a sense of being part of a film community. Rather than what the multiplex has been reduced to for many years, which is a social event and the film itself is of little interest to the individual watching it. Camerons use of 3D and large vistas makes Avatar a difficult text to transfer to TV or the private sphere as a whole. So there may be hope for the fans of watching film on the big screen. Furthermore the plot of Avatar has allowed Cameron limitless possibilities for ancillary rights to be utilized. The Avatar website encourages fandom on a m ass scale: video games, cast and crew interviews, videos and toys for sale to name but a few. This sort of business practice is significant as it typifies modern modes of film following, many production companies produce films that endeavour to ensnare audiences with these synergistic methods, and very rarely do they fail, providing such a deep level of insight into the film making process is a tactic adopted from the DVD format that many films now adhere to even before films are released, as it creates a pool of knowledge about the text which the spectators enjoy. Avatar has opened with incredible success. But due to many of the above discussed points, Avatar will not be representative of a trend returning back to public viewing modes, the hype was created and paid off at the box office. In three days it has taken $158 Million. But with a budget close to 500 million Avatar has a long way to go, but many markets from which to make profit. It seems unlikely that cinema will not ever reach out to all ages in society again, nor the levels of constant attendance that previous decade had attained, but is this a tragedy? Through streamlined and privatised modes of consuming films, it has enhanced the publics knowledge and enjoyment of new and classic texts. Films are produced for the public so the public should have the flexibility and choice how, when and where they wish to interact with their favourite movies. Hollywood is certainly not dead but traditional modes of regular public viewing, certainly is. 3095. References Klinger, B. (2006) Beyond the multiplex: cinema, new technologies and the home, University of California Press (referenced twice) (fig 1)

Russias Economic Transition :: Russian History Historical Communism Essays

Russia' Economic Transition In August of 1991, the collapse of the communist system in the USSR and it's neighboring republics occurred. Out of the smoke emerged fifteen new republics and a union known as the Commonwealth of Independent States. These new regimes faced formidable obstacles. The collapse brought massive inflation which in turn forced the economy into a spiraling decline and a state of almost worthless value. Many people were quick to point the finger at their communist past, and even more eager to lay blame. Traditional communist ideology was to "provide for every individual an equal amount of goods and services, thus creating a state of equality amongst the populous" (Leveler, 16). Many people felt as if their current hardships could be blamed on the communists and their economic policies, specifically their "Core-Periphery" plan. The communist sponsored "Core-Periphery" economic policy that was evident in Russia was quite simplistic in nature. The theory, traditionally used to describe inter-continental trading and production, was adapted for use in the Russian economic zones. The theory was as follows; Areas which surround the capital (core region), usually rich in one material or another, would be used for the extraction of raw materials. These materials would then be shipped back to the capital in order to be manufactured into goods. From there, the manufactured products would be shipped back to the surrounding regions (periphery region) for resale. The citizens of Russia were surviving on this system, but barely. The Core-Periphery policy was not efficient, nor effective, for usually a product needed on one side of the federation, was produced at the other end. Factors such as transportation costs and adequate use of human resources was very inefficient and cost-consuming. Strong influences from the world urged Russia to make the transition into the market-oriented economy. This seemed tempting, for the market-oriented economy preached individual wealth and prosperity. Seeing no better solution to their current economic woes, Russian policy-makers took the plunge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1995, 4 years since the beginning of the transition into a market- oriented economy, no satisfactory economic improvment had taken form. Productivity in many states such as Turkmenistan and Belarus continued to fall (Table 2), and inflation was still at high levels. Many new Russian capitalists in the regions chose to exploit what had already been exploited in the past; raw materials. Looking to make a fast income, these new Russian capitalists sold whatever they could get their hands on, for practically no cost at all (Co- Existence, 146). Expropriation of state property, shady deals, and corruption were rampant. Productivity in industries such as agriculture declined as farmers did not want to take care of their land (Co-Existence, 146).

Belief in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: Free Essay Writer

Belief in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath Holiness, sin, and life are repeatedly questioned throughout John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, particularly by the former preacher, Jim Casey. As a preacher, Casey only preaches what the bible states and he resigns from his occupation after he feels the urge to pursue life's true meaning and values of the individual - basically to make sense of the world he resides in. Casey closely resembles the character and motives of Jesus Christ, as he is enthused to uncover the answers to his wonders and doubts and begins to hold new beliefs of sacrificing the self to sustain the rights of society. All the while, questions concerning the ideas and beliefs of the world circulate through Jim Casey's mind and he makes the decision to separate himself from the teachings of society to determine logical resolutions to his convoluted uncertainties. After renouncing his job as a preacher, Casey first decides to ponder his questions by going "into the wilderness like Jesus" and seeing if he can attain the 'spirit,' while analyzing his thoughts (489-90). When others around him rarely observe ideas in depth, Casey transforms all of his thoughts into complex puzzles and seeks the answers little by little. Casey believes that by taking his ideas one piece at a time, he will one day be able to encounter the "real" truth. When he first hears of the conflict between the different social classes, Casey "[throws] back his head and [looks] at the sharp stars" in deep thought, his mind poring over the controversy (77). Casey's hours of analyzing bring his thoughts together and creates for him a la rger intellectual depth, which distinguishes his sole purpose from those around him. Light is used to exemplify Casey as Jesus Christ, holy and virtuous, and separate from other people. Even during insignificant situations, his character is expressed when "the light of the coming morning made his forehead seem to shine, and his hands, swinging beside him, flicked into the light and out again" (89). Casey's image as a holy figure automatically makes him a peacekeeper among the Joad family, and most of the time he succeeds in maintaining his title role. The members of the Joad family understand that Casey is not simply a 'former preacher,' but is someone with vigorous aura and strong beliefs on the rights of people. When Casey talks to Tom by a fire one night, "the firelight [goes] deep into his eyes and [ignites] red embers," signifying his powerful presence (72).

Serial Killers Essay

Why do some people kill other people? More importantly, why do some people enjoy killing lots of people just for the fun of it? This is a basic description of what a serial killer is. But what possesses these human beings to commit such heinous crimes? Some say that genetics are responsible, while others blame the environment that the killers grew up in. The causes of psychopathy remain a mystery. We don’t even have a reasonable answer to the question of whether psychopathy is a product of Mother Nature or a part of upbringing. One of the best sources of information about whether traits are a result or nature of nurture comes from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, a project originally led by Minnesota Professor of Psychology Thomas Joseph Bouchard, Jr. This study has shown that psychopathy is 60 percent heritable, which indicates that psychopathic traits are due more to DNA than to upbringing. Recent genetic studies of twins imply that identical twins may not be as genetically similar as previously assumed. Though only a couple hundred mutations take place throughout early fetal development, the mutations are likely to multiply over the years, leading to infinite genetic differences. This leaves open the possibility that psychopathic traits are largely genetically determined. Another factor pointing towards the idea that psychopathy is genetically determined was identified by in a study at University of Wisconsin, Madison. When dealing with the terrible notion that some people take pride in murdering others, one should expect some abnormality in the brain, the immediate source of psychopathic traits. Scans of the brain revealed that psychopathy in criminals was associated with reduced connectivity between the amygdala, a part of the brain that processes negative stimuli, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region in the front of the brain that deciphers the r eaction from the amygdala. When the connection between these two areas is low, processing of negative stimuli in the amygdala does not translate into any strongly felt negative emotions. This fits well into the picture we have of psychopaths. They do not feel nervous or embarrassed  when they are caught doing something bad. They do not feel sad when other people suffer. They are incapable of experiencing empathy and love. Even though they can feel physical pain, they themselves are not in a position to suffer from emotions hurts. The Wisconsin, Madison study shows a relationship between criminal psychopathy and brain abnormality. As this brain abnormality in the majority of cases of psychopathic criminals is not abruptly acquired, there is good reason to think that it’s grounded in the psychopath’s DNA. There are, however, some limitations of the study because it measured criminal psychopaths, but not all psychopaths are criminals. Everyday you walk by people who are aggressive, narcissistic, manipulative, and impulsive. They may be considered psychopaths, but they were able to move away from fantasies of murder and destruction. Another limitation of the study is that it doesn’t show that reduced activity between the amygdala and vmPFC is an irregularity specifically connected to psychopathy rather than to a range of mental disorders that have been associated with severe crimes, including paranoid schizophrenia and extreme sexual fetishes. And though the Wisconsin study sheds some light on what may bring about the traits of psychopathy, it still remains puzzling. We don’t know the reason behind the reduced connectivity in the emotional system. It could be caused by a dysfunction of neurotransmitters, for example, by a disturbance to the main excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Or it could be a degenerative disease that leads to a reduction of the brain’s white matter, which is responsible for connectivity among neurons. We may never actually know. What we do know, or at least understand, is that a disproportionate number of serial killers exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors for future violent behavior. These being: Animal Cruelty, Pyromania, and Bed Wetting. Torturing animals is an incredible red flag, whether you’re trying to find a killer or not. Animals are often seen as â€Å"practice† for killing real human beings. Jeffery Dahmer, the â€Å"Milwaukee Cannibal†, was notorious for his animal cruelty, cutting off the heads of dogs and placing them on a stick behind his house. Ed Kemper, â€Å"The Co-ed Killer†, buried the family cat while it was still alive, dug it up again, and then finished by cutting off its head. But not all serial killers take their angers out on pets. Dennis Nilsen, otherwise known as the â€Å"Muswell  Hill Murderer† and the â€Å"Kindly Killer†, loved animals, especially his dog Bleep. Rapist torturer and murderer of eight, â€Å"Beauty Queen Killer† Christopher Wilder had made donations to Save The Whales and the Seal Rescue Fund. Nevertheless, the majority of multiple murderers have, at some point in their lives, tortured and/or killed an innocent, non-human creature. But this pain suffered by animals is not the only warning sign out there. â€Å"Oh, what ecstasy,† said American serial killer Joseph Kallinger, â€Å"setting fires brings to my body! What power I feel at the thought of fire! †¦ Oh, what pleasure, what heavenly pleasure!† Pyromania, an impulse control disorder where someone constantly fails to resist the desire to deliberately start fires in order to relieve tension or for instant gratification, is often a sexually stimulating activity for these killers. Known as both â€Å"The Vampire of Dà ¼sseldorf† and the â€Å"Dà ¼sseldorf Monster†, Peter Kurten enjoyed watching houses burn, and David Berkowitz (Son of Sam), when he tired of torturing his mother’s parakeet, became a prolific pyromaniac, keeping record of his 1,411 fires. The vivid damage of property feeds the same perverse need to end the life of another human. Because serial killers don’t see people as more than objects, the leap between setting fires and killing people is simple and easy to make. The last of Macdonald triad, bed wetting, is the most intimate of these symptoms, and is less likely to be intentionally revealed. By some estimates, 60% of multiple murderers wet their beds past adolescence. Kenneth Bianchi, one of the â€Å"Hillside Strangers†, apparently spent many a night marinating in urine-soaked sheets. Though these â€Å"symptoms† may be present in serial killers, they are not confirmed to be the root cause of multiple murders. What happens during adolescence may play a role in the molding of a serial killer, but it can’t be the sole reason in every case. Many killers blame their families for their behavior, seeking sympathy. It is true psychopathic fashion. Serial killers more often than not blame someone else for their disturbing actions. But if their bad childhood is the primary reason for their homicidal tendencies, then why don’t their siblings also become serial killers? And if these conditions truly molded them, serial killers would probably be everywhere by now. We must look at other components to see what pushes a serial killer over the edge. What is it that pulls the trigger? Experts in studying serial killers have named the triggers that set off the psychopath’s murderous actions, a â€Å"stressor†. â€Å"Stressors† are events that prompt the killer into action. They can be simple or complicated ranging from arguments, physical injury, or the loss of a job to parental conflict, financial stress, marital problems, legal problems, or stress from a death. As the killer struggles with frustration, anger, and resentment, the fantasies of killing can surpass reality. Christopher Wilder (Beauty Queen killer) claims his murderous rampage began after his marriage proposal was rejected. According to Joel Norris, author of several books about Serial Killers, there are seven phases of the serial killer’s cycle: 1) The Aura Phase, where the killer starts to lose grip on reality; 2) The Trolling Phase, when the killer hunts for a victim; 3) The Wooing Phase, where the killer lures his victim in; 4) The Capture Phase, where the victim is cau ght; 5) The Murder phase, which is the emotional and possibly sexual high for killers; 6) The Totem phase, when the excitement from the kill starts to fade and they wake from their fantasy; and finally, 7) The Depression Phase, which happens after the murder has occurred. The killer-to-be starts with the Aura Phase, where they begin to lose reality and their senses heighten. This is when the killer distances himself (or herself) from social interactions. Nevertheless, anyone who encounters this person may not be able to notice his or her change in personality. The killer becomes antisocial and believes life no longer has meaning to them. This phase could last anywhere from a few moments to a few months and can originate as an extended fantasy that often include sadism, sex, and/or other violent acts, which most likely stem from early childhood experiences. These may have been active for a short time or for years. The killer might attempt to medicate themselves with alcohol or drugs, which usually leads to an intensification of the fantasies. But soon enough, they have the urge to be acted upon. This leads us into the second stage, the Trolling Phase. Here, the killer tries to find a victim. Most serial killers will search for a victim in places he is comfortable in or where he knows the area (the â€Å"comfort zone† may be around where the killer lives). Their hunting ground usually tends to  be in schoolyards, lovers lanes, or even red light districts. They will also look for a particularly discreet location to commit the murder, and a perfect place to dump the bodies. The hunting can go on for hours, days, and sometimes months before the â€Å"perfect† victim will be found. Also during this phase, the serial killer often follows a behavior pattern used to identify and stalk his victim. This explains why Ted Bundy strapped his arm in a sling and asked for help with books, packages, or even the hull of a sailboat to lure the victim into his car. Some victims escaped and said he never seemed out of control until the moment he actually attacked them. This goes along with how well a psychopath can cover up his true intentions. They aren’t dumb, but they also aren’t always careful. In the Wooing Phase, the killer tries to win the confidence of a victim before luring them into a trap. This phase is only done by organized killers who are much more confident, much more daring, and have better social skills than disorganized killers. They try to socialize with the victim and – as stated before – try to gain the victim’s trust. This is a very important phase because it can be noted that organized killers often seem to only kill those who allow them to get in close. Once the trust is received, the killer will then lure the victim to a quiet, secluded area where they then uncover their mask and move on to the next part of their plan. The fourth stage is the Capture Phase. This is where the killer reveals what they are. The capture of the victim can be as swift as snapping a handcuff on the victim’s wrists, or a violent blow that leaves the victim helpless. The killer may draw their victim into their car without a door handle one could use as an escape. They usually savor this moment, which is disturbingly fun for them and fuels their sadistic needs. The victim is usually transported to a new location, far out from people and help. Once the killer is sure that the victim has no way to escape, they move to the climax phase of the cycle, the actual murder. The Murder Phase is described as â€Å"the ritual reenactment of the disastrous experiences of the killer’s childhood†, but this time the roles are reversed. The killer may decide to kill their victim instantly or torture them, try to revive them on the brink of death and then continue with the torture. This gives them a strong sense of power over the helpless victim, putting them in a God like position, being the one who decides if  they live or die (usually ending in the latter). A disorganized killer is more likely to kill the victim instantly by a powerful attack or a quick strangulation. It is likely that the corpse is heavily â€Å"depersonalized† by mutilations of face and body. Any violent acts such as rape are often taken place after the victim is dead which is fueled by necrophilia, the attraction to the dead. It’s the organized killer who commits a much slower and more painful murder act. The victim is more likely to be tortured and raped before death. The act of killing is usually delayed because the murder itself is often not the motive of the crime; but rather, it’s the torturing that the killer enjoys most. This is especially true in sadistic killers, the most organized of all killers. This type will keep their victims alive as long as possible, sometimes reviving them from injuries, and keep them alive enough to feel the pain from the tortures. The sexual sadistic killers will use different equipment or their â€Å"murder kit†, to inflict the most pain. Eventually, the killer will finish with the torture and finally proceed to kill. The second-to-last phase is the Totem Phase. After the kill, the excitement the killer feels suddenly declines as he wakes up from his fantasy. He is likely to become depressed, which is why some serial killers develop a ritual to preserve their murder. They may collect some of their victim’s possessions such as clothes, save news clippings about their crimes, take pictures or videotape the crime. Some even cut off their victim’s body parts to preserve and/or consume them. These are their trophies and are meant to give the murderer the same feelings of power they experienced at the time of the kill and to remind himself/herself that the fantasy is real, and he/she really did fulfill it. We reach the end of the cycle at the Depression Phase. This can last for days, weeks, or even months. They may even become so depressed that they attempt suicide. A dead victim no longer represents what the killer thought he or she represented, and the memory of the individual that tortured the murderer in the past is still there. It can be said that the first kill is the only one where the killer feels at his best. They may try to get that feeling back with each subsequent kill, but the moment will forever be gone. In each subsequent murder, he attempts to make the scene of the crime equal to the fantasy. It’s noted that there is an absence of the killer’s sense of self and, during this phase, the killer may confess to the police before the fantasies  start once more. However, because victims are not seen as people, memories of the murders may be vague or viewed by the killer as having watched someone else. Eventually, the killer will fall back into their fantasies and proceed to restart the cycle. After each murder, the fantasy will become more real and the murder will become more brutal as the cycle continues on and on until the pattern gets interrupted. Interruption includes getting caught, or when the killer is â€Å"burnt out.† When the killer is â€Å"burnt out,† he/she withdraws from killing, and possibly commits suicide. This is one of the reasons why there are so many unsolved serial murder cases. However, the chances are that the killer will not stop killing on his/her own. Serial killing is an addiction, a sickness that cannot be cured. It can be studied, it can be stopped one-by-one, but human nature dictates that killers will exist as long as our minds cannot be contained, and so; Serial Killers Will Never Go Extinct. Www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201212/the-making-serial-killer Www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/tick/victims_1.html Www.theravive.com/research/examination-of-the-psychology-of-serial-killers Dahmer, Lionel. Father’s Story Egger, Steven. Killers Among Us Everitt, David, and Harold Schechter. A To Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers Jennifer Furio The Serial Killer Letters: A Penetrating Look Inside the Minds of Murderers. The Charles Press Publishers, 1998. Leyton, Elliott. Hunting Humans; Inside the Mind of Mass Murderers Martingale, Moira. Cannibal Killers Meloy, J. Reid. Psychopathic Mind; Origins, Dynamics, and Treatment Norris, Joel. Serial Killers: The Growing Menace Seltzer, Mark. Serial Killers Richard Tithecott Of Men and Monsters: Jeffrey Dahmer and the Construction of

How to Prepare for a Job Interview

Preparing yourself for a job interview can be stressful for some people, but now that you have an interview it is time for you to overcome your fear barriers and prepare yourself before the interview. The first impression is always the best impression so you want to dazzle the employer by walking in shoulders high, well dressed and groomed, nice smile, firm handshake, eye to eye contact, and sit when asked by the employer. Before you get to that point of walking in that employer’s room it is always important to do some homework first. Research about the company before the interview because it shows commitment and that is a quality that employers look for when hiring. You want to get to know all about the company and their mission study that and also more insight on the job for which you are applying for. Make sure their qualification matches your skills and abilities and be enthusiastic when speaking. Study your resume it is good to memorize what is on your resume so when the employer asks you a question about what is on your resume, you will know it and you should be not fumbling back and forth between words. Study you weakness and strengths as you compare your skills with the employer’s qualifications use the skill that you are qualified for as your strength. Your weakness is the qualifications that your employer is looking for that are not listed in your job description, study them and turn that it into a strength to show the employer that you may not have experience in that area , but know a lot about the subject and eager to learn more from working in their establishment. It is also important to produce a portfolio of yourself to show employers and they seeks for candidates who are well organized, prepared, knows the inn’s and out’s of the company and willing to go the extra mile to get the job done efficiently. Your job portfolio should include: †¢Resume †¢Master Application †¢Reference Page †¢Cover Letter †¢Thank You Letter †¢Certifications†¦ Perfect attendance, employee of the month, outstanding performance, participation awards †¢Letters of Recommendation†¦ from your former employer, past teachers, someone work with you on volunteer project †¢High School / G. E. D Certificate †¢Police Clearance †¢Valid Picture I. D †¢Social Security Card Indicates what credentials are need for the interview to prepare yourself for the questions the employer my through at you and remember never leave home without you portfolio! Through research, practicing, taking deep breaths inhale exh ale and visualizing how the interview will go can help you overcome nerviness and prepare you to stay calm. Staying mentally prepared will keep you advanced in an interview. That apply to your weakness as well write them down and go over them many times as that will help you nail the interview. This will help you gain confidence and stay in control of the interview but it is important to remember that the employer is in the driver seat, never try to take the lead. Prepare yourself for the end of the interview write down ten questions to ask the employer never ask about salary until the second interview and only after the employer mentions it first. This is what I would prepare and study to ask the employer: †¢When hiring what do you look for in an employee? †¢What type of skills do you look for when hiring? †¢When viewing a resume what shows the most interest? What type educational background do you look for? †¢What skills do I need to work on to get promoted in the company? †¢Does it take a long time for promotions? †¢If I want to go back to school to advance in the company does the company pay for school/training? †¢How many years have you been with the company? †¢How did you get the position that you are in? †¢What is your edu cational background? These are some good question to ask the employer to gain some more insight about the company and the interviewer, it shows interest and that you are open to learn. Also it helps you to identify if all what the employer’s answers are compares to your job description that you are a possible candidate for the position. Now that you have mentally prepared yourself for the interview, it is now the nigh before the interview what should you do? First you should get your wardrobe together find something suitable for the interview, wear darker colors not to loud, you don’t want to distract the employer with bright colors. Iron your cloths, bath or shower and do all you’re grooming the night before Get a goodnights rest by getting at least eight hours worth of sleep. Waking up early, having a well-balance breakfast, more grooming, it is best not to wear perfume/cologne the employer my be allergic to it, get ready early, visualize, review and practices for interview. Study your list that you made of your weakness and strengths and practice how you will articulate them, and arrive at the interview at lease fifteen minutes early.