History of Space Exploration - 771 Words

Introduction to the History of space exploration To start the researching of the future of the space exploration the very first thing we should do is to look through a history of this particular topic. The main reason for this is because the history is a fundamental background for our understanding and knowledge. Aeronautical engineering does not have a long and deep history, compared to many things. Moreover, some information cannot be proved nowadays and that is why the only one thing that we can do is to suppose and rely on accessible sources. Every year we are using more and more modern technologies in order to try to explore our solar system, unknown planets and deep space. However, we should think that our ancestors could not even believe that the physical space exploration will ever become a reality since antiquity. (Aerospace, n.d.) When we ponder over the early history of the space investigation we encounter the unquestionable fact that it used to be mostly theoretical. For instance, Isaac Newton established his book about the required mathematics knowledge for space exploring in 1687 (BBC Isaac Newton, 2014). There are some other people, like a Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange who were undoubtedly necessary in the 18th and 19th centuries with their scientific works. In spite of all the factors, aeronautics has not become a practical discipline until the middle of the 20th century (Galileo Rice, n.d.). 1.2 History ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on History Of Space Exploration1799 Words   |  8 Pages Exploration; to travel in a little-known region for discovery, as defined by Webster. Since the age of the Greeks, Anglo-Saxons have been interested in space exploration. From Copernicus to Gaileo to Newton, space has been looked upon with adoring eyes. Space has been regarded time after time as the final frontier. That was until 1957, with the launch of the Sputnik-1, when the Soviet built satellite became the first man-made satellite successfully launched out into outer space. In 1958, the UnitedRead MoreSpace Exploration1021 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 099 December 6, 2012 Space Exploration! Humans have dreamed of leaving the earth and traveling space for many years, and up to this day they have taken many steps in the right direction. Yet, with every new frontier they approach, new problems loom over the horizon. Some of these problems arise right here on Earth. Some of the issues have been resolved, such as escaping the forces of gravity to reach outer space. Most of the problems are far more arduous and the solutions needRead MoreIs Space Exploration A Waste Of Money?1194 Words   |  5 Pagesuniverse about which we’ve known just a little. Thanks to space exploration, human beings have been able to discover so many interesting and incredible facts about the universe as well as develop new technologies which are used and benefit daily basis. Some people claim that space exploration is a waste of money, we should invest budget in other aspects of economy or science. However, I strongly believe that we should invest in space exploration because it might ope n a door to new habitation, help furtherRead MoreSpace Exploration And Tourism During The Cold War Of 19471400 Words   |  6 PagesPrevious to space colonization and tourism, one must explore the given planet; understanding the problems and providing solutions to protect and aid the coming population. During the Cold War of 1947 through 1991, the United States and Russia fought for the accomplishment of space travel; the moon was the primary target due to humans general understanding as well as the relative closeness to the earth. Besides the sun, the moon was the utmost visible object in the sky. July 20, 1967, The U.S. putRead MoreThe Creation Of Nasa On Space Exploration And Its Impact On Space Exploration1117 Words   |  5 Pagesbiggest affect on the space exploration, and it changed space exploration and how we think about space. Nasa started in the 1959 and is still going today played a big effect on the 1960’s and the understanding of space exploration. To start of with, â€Å"Congress passed the legislation and President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law on July 29, 1958,† according to (NASA). This was the very start of the nasa program and the start of America’s space program that put theRead MoreEssay On Space Exploration1101 Words   |  5 Pagesbe done with space exploration. The assumption that there is nothing more that we can achieve with space exploration is a farce. Space exploration has brought us many technological advances. Examples of this technology, such as GPS are now so commonplace that we rarely stop to think why this technology came about and where it was first used. Another technological example would be satellite communication. Medical advances that have been discovered because of man’s need to explore space and the unkno wnRead MoreRobotic Space Exploration Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesVictor Manuel Tapia ESS 102 – Opinion Piece Human vs. Robotic Space Mission Section B Discovering the Unknown: Who Should Explore Space? As humans, we always push to explore for new discoveries, it is in our blood to explore and push scientific boundaries. Space exploration has allowed us to expand our technology, foster a curiosity in humans, discover new worlds, and most importantly push even further to discover life in a new planet. With the advancement of new technology and innovators, thereRead MoreThe Discovery Of Space Exploration1560 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscovering an alien organism or a second Earth are exciting. And we keep getting closer. History is flooded with major astronomical discovery. Of course, this had not been without controversy (as Galileo knew all too well). The modern controversy regarding space exploration is not of religious concern, however, but a socioeconomic one. Before writing this article, I had my own reservations about space exploration. Why not focus our resources on exploring and improving our own planet first? Why wasteRead MoreThe Importance Of Space Exploration1446 Words   |  6 PagesSpace Exploration has always been a topic to have sparked human imagination and curiosity. For decades now, countries and technologic companies all over the world have dedicated programs to studying what is beyond the night sky, outer space. Thus making what seems to be the void into something we tangibly understand. From viewing space whilst grounded on Earth, with technological advancements, civilization has evolved to exploring space first hand. Firstly, Outer space refers to the expanse outsideRead MoreThe Importance Of Space Exploration1148 Words   |  5 PagesSpace Exploration: A Future in Need of Support When put into the context of the entirety of human history, space exploration is a very recent development. However, how recent the development is does not hamper the vital importance of space exploration, both within the current climate of society and within the future of humanity. Unfortunately, lack of proper planning on the part of the American federal government has left NASA, the federal agency for space exploration, tragically under supported

Biography of William Morris, Arts and Crafts Pioneer

William Morris (March 24, 1834–Oct. 3, 1896) was an artist, designer, poet, craftsman, and political writer who had a major impact on the fashions and ideologies of Victorian Britain and the English Arts and Crafts Movement. He also had a profound influence on building design, but hes better known today for his textile designs, which have been repurposed as wallpaper and wrapping paper. Fast Facts: William Morris Known For: Leader of Arts and Crafts MovementBorn: March 24, 1834 in Walthamstow, EnglandParents: William Morris Sr., Emma Shelton MorrisDied: Oct. 3, 1896 in Hammersmith, EnglandEducation: Marlborough and Exeter collegesPublished Works: The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems, The Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly ParadiseSpouse: Jane Burden MorrisChildren: Jenny Morris, May MorrisNotable Quote: If you want a golden rule that will fit everything, this is it: Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful. Early Life William Morris was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow, England. He was the third child of William Morris Sr. and Emma Shelton Morris, though his two older siblings died in infancy, leaving him the eldest. Eight survived into adulthood. William Sr. was a successful senior partner at brokers firm. He enjoyed an idyllic childhood in the countryside, playing with his siblings, reading books, writing, and showing an early interest in nature and storytelling.  His love of the natural world would have a growing influence on his later work. At an early age he was attracted to all the trappings of the medieval period. At 4 he began reading Sir Walter Scotts  Waverley  novels, which he finished by the time he was 9. His father gave him a pony and a miniature suit of armor and, dressed as a tiny knight, he went off on long quests into the nearby forest. College Morris attended Marlborough and Exeter colleges, where he met painter Edward Burne-Jones and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti, forming a group known as the Brotherhood, or the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. They shared a love of poetry, the Middle Ages, and Gothic architecture, and they read the works of philosopher John Ruskin. They also developed an interest in the Gothic Revival architectural style. This wasnt entirely an academic or social brotherhood; they were inspired by Ruskins writings. The Industrial Revolution that began in Britain had turned the country into something unrecognizable to the young men. Ruskin wrote about societys ills in books such as The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice. The group discussed Ruskins themes about the impacts of industrialization: how machines dehumanize, how industrialization ruins the environment, and how mass production creates shoddy, unnatural objects. The group believed that the artistry and honesty in handcrafted materials were missing in British machine-made goods. They longed for an earlier time. Painting Visits to the continent spent touring cathedrals and museums solidified Morris love of medieval art. Rossetti persuaded him to give up architecture for painting, and they joined a band of friends decorating the walls of the Oxford Union with scenes from the  Arthurian legend  based on  Le Morte dArthur  by 15th century English writer  Sir Thomas Malory. Morris also wrote much poetry during this time. For a painting of Guinevere, he used as his model Jane Burden, the daughter of an Oxford groom. They married in 1859. Architecture and Design After receiving his degree in 1856, Morris took a job in the Oxford office of G.E. Street, a Gothic Revivalist architect. That year he financed the first 12 monthly issues of  The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, where a number of his poems were printed. Two years later, many of these poems were reprinted in his first published work  The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems. Morris commissioned Philip Webb, an architect he had met in Street’s office, to build a home for him and his wife. It was called the  Red House because it was to be built of red brick instead of the more fashionable stucco. They lived there from 1860 to 1865. The house, a grand yet simple structure, exemplified the Arts and Crafts philosophy inside and out, with craftsman-like workmanship and traditional, unornamented design. Other notable interiors by Morris include the 1866 Armoury and Tapestry Room at St. James Palace and the 1867 Green Dining Room at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Fine Art Workmen As Morris and his friends were furnishing and decorating the house, they decided to start an association of â€Å"fine art workmen,† which in April 1861 became the firm of  Morris, Marshall, Faulkner Co. Other members of the firm were painter  Ford Madox Brown, Rossetti, Webb, and Burne-Jones. The group of like-minded artists and craftsmen responding to the shoddy practices of Victorian manufacturing became highly fashionable and much in demand, profoundly influencing interior decoration throughout the Victorian period. At the International Exhibition of 1862, the group exhibited stained glass, furniture, and embroideries, leading to commissions to decorate several new churches. The pinnacle  of the firm’s decorative work was a series of stained-glass windows designed by Burne-Jones for Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, with the ceiling painted by Morris and Webb. Morris designed many other windows, for domestic and  ecclesiastical  use, as well as tapestries, wallpaper, fabrics, and furniture. Other Pursuits He hadnt given up on poetry. Morris first fame as a poet came with the romantic narrative  The Life and Death of Jason  (1867), followed by  The Earthly Paradise  (1868-1870), a series of narrative poems based on classical and medieval sources. In 1875, Morris assumed total control of the fine art workmen company, which was renamed Morris Co. It remained in business until 1940, its longevity a testament to the success of Morris’ designs. By 1877, Morris and Webb had also established the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), a historic preservation organization. Morris explained its purposes in the SPAB Manifesto: to put Protection in the place of Restoration...to treat our ancient buildings as monuments of a bygone art. One of the most exquisite tapestries produced by Morris company was The Woodpecker, designed entirely by Morris. The tapestry, woven by William Knight and William Sleath, was shown at the Arts and Crafts Society Exhibition in 1888. Other patterns by Morris include Tulip and Willow Pattern, 1873, and Acanthus Pattern, 1879–81. Later in his life, Morris poured his energies into political writing. He was initially against the aggressive foreign policy of Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, supporting Liberal Party leader William Gladstone. However, Morris became disillusioned after the 1880 election. He began writing for the Socialist Party and participated in socialist demonstrations. Death Morris and his wife were happiest together during the first 10 years of their marriage, but since a divorce was inconceivable at the time, they lived together until his death. Exhausted by his many activities, Morris bean to feel his energy waning. A voyage to Norway in the summer of 1896 failed to revive him, and he died shortly after returning home, in Hammersmith, England, on Oct. 3, 1896. He was buried under a simple gravestone designed by Webb. Legacy Morris is now regarded as a modern visionary thinker, though he turned from what he called â€Å"the dull squalor of civilization† to historical romance,  myth, and epic. Following Ruskin, Morris defined beauty in art as the result of man’s pleasure in his work. To Morris, art included the whole man-made  environment. In his own time he  was best known as the author of  The Earthly Paradise  and for his designs for wallpapers, textiles, and carpets. Since the mid-20th century, Morris has been celebrated as a designer and craftsman. Future generations may esteem him more as a social and moral critic, a pioneer of the society of equality. Sources Morris, William. The Collected Works of William Morris: Volume 5. The Earthly Paradise: a Poem (Part 3). Paperback, Adamant Media Corporation, November 28, 2000.Morris, William. The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems. Kindle Edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, May 11, 2012.Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. Kindle Edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, April 18, 2011.Ruskin, John. The Stones of Venice. J. G. Links, Kindle Edition, Neeland Media LLC, July 1, 2004.William Morris: British Artist and Author. Encyclopedia Britannica.William Morris Biography. Thefamouspeople.com.About William Morris.The William Morris Society.William Morris: A Brief Biography. Victorianweb.org.

Prescription Drug User Act ( Pdufa ) - 844 Words

Before getting marketing approval for any drug in United States it has to pass through FDA review process. Under prescription Drug User Act (PDUFA) came in effect in 1992, FDA has set up specific goals to improve drug review process time and created two tiered system of review times. The standard review and The Priority Review. A drug can get priority Review designation if offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. A priority Review means that the time it takes FDA to review a New Drug application (NDA) is reduced. The goal for completing priority review is six months whereas Standard review process takes ten months. The priority review status can apply both to drugs that are used to treat serious disease and drugs for less serious illness. The FDA is giving additional attention and resources towards the drug approval process which have potential significant advances in a treatment. In the period 1999–2011, 100 FDA-priority review pharmaceuticals were approved by both the FDA and the EMA. The majority of the products were ï ¬ rst submitted to and approved by the FDA. The FDA has a signiï ¬ cantly shorter drug application review time than the EMA. Pros of Priority Review Speeding therapy to patients - The most prominent possible upside would be speed in the form of getting new therapies into patients more quickly. Helping American competitiveness -A second positive, depending on one’s perspective, would be possibly increasingShow MoreRelatedThe Black Market Of Illegal Drugs And Pharmaceuticals1592 Words   |  7 PagesStates is the drug and medical market. It is a multi-billion dollar market that serves countless people but is Americans abusing this market? There are definitely many sides to this enormous market but the part that greatly deals with the abuse is the black market that is built are the illegal sales and use of illegal drugs and pharmaceuticals. This black market is heavily abused by Americans today but it is not a new concept to us. This black market surrounding illegal drugs and pharmaceuticalsRead MoreThe Timeline Of U.s. Healthcare History1466 Words   |  6 Pagestreatment facilities were operated and maintained by military operations. In 1847, the American Medical Association (AMA) was founded by Dr. Nathan Davis. Standards and guidelines were determined for the education requirements for medical professionals, drug manufacturing, preventing disease, sanitation, and in providing higher standards of treatment and care (American Medical Association [AMA], 2015). In 1872, the American Public Health Association [APA] was formed in promoting prevention of communicableRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1928 Words   |  8 PagesFood and drug administration is a department of U.S health and human services. 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The pharmaceutical industry was once ethically sound and was a valuable player in the development of human health. However, overtime with theRead MoreThe Importance Of Medical Devices In Patients And Hospital Technology885 Words   |  4 Pagesof exposure. In January of 2017, the FDA issued a warning that implantable cardiac devices are vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks. If exploited, an unauthorized user could remotely access a patient’s radio frequency-enabled, implanted cardiac device and rapidly deplete the battery or administer inappropriate pacing shocks (Food and Drug Administration, 2017). In August, the FDA approved a firmware update intended as a recall to reduce the risk of patient harm due to potential exploitation of pacemakersRead MoreThe Flawed Food And Drug Administration1805 Words   |  8 PagesBennett Ms. Romine ENG 1010 4 December 2015 The Flawed Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration dates back to the late 1840s, though it did not adopt that name until 1930. The first act if the FDA as it is known today was officially established in 1906 with the passage of its first piece of legislature. was the passage of the 1906 pure food and drug act, which prohibited the interstate commerce of misbranded food and drugs, and thus establish the FDA . It was established by the government

Considering Children Of Illegal Immigrants by Frosty...

In one of her editorials, Frosty Wooldridge has written about how undocumented immigrants cost taxpayers colossal sum of money annually. Wooldridge holds that these undocumented immigrants give rise to offspring who become deeply bounded or rooted to this country and they in turn cost taxpayers a huge sum of money annually. Wooldridge’s editorial is one of the controversial discussions both at the congress level and the country at large. This argument is one of those that thwart or impede the implementation of the DREAM Act which is to help the children of undocumented immigrants to enjoy some privileges such as obtaining in-state tuition and others. Wooldridge thinks that the rate at which these undocumented immigrants are having†¦show more content†¦In doing so she concludes that all these undocumented immigrants must be send to their various countries at once. She also makes assumptions that congress watch and do nothing about the situation she believes is on the rise. I agree with Wooldridge in saying that the rooted children of these undocumented immigrants will rise up one day and take over our country because of their number. She has a point, because why should we watch unconcerned for aliens who are seeking refuge and good lives in our country give birth uncontrollably to outnumber us? What are the ramifications? Won’t they all rise up against us one day? Maybe YES, maybe NO. If yes, then I support Wooldridge that Americans must do something before is too late to protect its own but not in a sense of sending all of them away at once. Wooldridge generalizes that all the undocumented immigrants are unemployed and their children cost taxpayers a lot of money every year. I strongly disagree to that because, a recent estimate by researchers at the Pew Hispanic Center puts the number of illegal aliens in the work force at a number of 8 million out of an overall population of 11.2 million illegal aliens, that is 74 percent. This implies that majority of these â€Å"illegal immigrants† or aliens are employed at the various sectors of the US economy as opposed to what Wooldridge insinuated. These employed â€Å"illegal immigrants† pay tax to the United States Government but Wooldridge thinks that these immigrants

Healthy Grief Free Essays

Grief is an emotional suffering that someone is feeling when someone or something is taking away. (Wikipedia) Elizabeth Kubler-Ross introduced the five stages of grief based on patients facing terminal illness. These steps are typical, but everyone doesn’t go through each stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Grief or any similar topic only for you Order Now You don’t go through the stages in order and they should know that it is normal. The mindset of the individual will depend on the severity of grief they may go through. Grief can last from days to years and the person isn’t aware of this. They may restart their grieving process on holidays, birthdays, and anniversaries or when a special day arrives. Some people take’s the loss as a remembrance, but others take it as sorrow because their loved ones are gone which I think makes a person to go through the grieving process again. Coping with loss has been called† a spiritual process that includes locating our loved ones in time, place and transporting our recreated experiences to the here and now† (Angell Dennis Dumain, 1998) Kubler- Ross grief process in the book of Job when God let Satan afflict Job to prove Job’s loyal to him. God presented Job as a virtue. Kubler-Ross stages are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance. Job’s family, cattle and property was taken away from him. When Job didn’t succumb to these tragedies â€Å"The HEALTHY GRIEF Lord gave and the Lord has taken away†. God let Satan afflict Job again, this time Satan afflicted Job’s health. He started to have sores on his entire body that was very painful. With this tragedy Job started to go through the Kubler-Ross grieving process. Job prays and stated he doesn’t know why this is happening to him and why is god persecuting him. Job friends blamed him for the suffering because he had sinned and god. Job started questioning and challenging god. Job became depressed because his condition was deteriorating. Job wanted someone to talk for him to relieve him of his suffering. Job’s grieving went back and forth with God. When God confronts God and cross examines him, Job realized that he had misconceptions regarding God’s ability. Job does believe in God and had to go through the suffering to understand how great God is. God restored all that he had taken from Job plus some. God gave him double for the trouble. Grief of the Chinese religion is different because they don’t talk about their grief to anyone because it is considered to be unhealthy. Touching the loved one’s body is a sign of goodwill. The eldest grandson has to deliver the message to the other family members of the passing loved one in person out of respect. They are not allowed to speak about the death or the funeral. The Eldest son is the only one that is able to mourn and this has to be done for 72 days and not allowed to wear red or get married for 6 months. The eldest son has to take responsibility of caring for the family and has to mourn by crying out and solemn in front of people, which is expected of him. The son has to live close to the grave site for 3 years. In the Chinese culture if a person dies by suicide the family will not touch the body because it is considered bad luck. They burn paper as a sign of providing material goods for that person. They place the deceased name on the paper so that person will receive the items. The Chinese feels eternity is passed through the sons in their family. Joy and grief goes hand in hand when it pertains to a person’s loss. When people grieve, they go through the grief stages, but when they remember the good times about that person there is joy. Through my research Nancy Bern a sociology professor spoke with a gentleman named Tim and explained that grief is like if you had your heart ripped out, it will hurt and hurt a lot and it will scab over and the pain will feel less. But if you knock off the scab it will hurt as it did the first time. It will hurt on those special moments or milestones HEALTHY GRIEF , but we still love them even as we bring new milestones in our life. Gratefulness and joy can be found in grief. My research hasn’t changed my views on grief. I still feel that it is the mindset of the individual and the relationship that person had with their loved ones. When we (Baptist/Christians) we celebrate the person that has passed as a â€Å"homegoing†. We sing, dance, eat and reminisce the life of that person. We are not afraid to talk about that person. As I discussed previously, When my brother (39) passed in 2005 it was difficult at first, when we had his homegoing it accepted it because my brother was very ill at that time. I don’t know how I would feel if a loved one passes unexpectedly, but my family and I would celebrate it the same way. A popular song of the African American that is sung at most homegoings is Boys to Men â€Å"It so hard to say good bye to yesterday†, But it is such a fitting song for the occasion. My other brother (his twin) sang this song at his homegoing. It was hard to say goodbye because we were very close. There were 5 of us, 3 girls and 2 boys but my twin brothers and me and my twin sister were the closest. To this day we still talk and remember our brother Bookie (nickname) like he never passed and still with us. I don’t feel like it is grieving, it is remembering a good soul and an awesome, awesome brother. How to cite Healthy Grief, Papers

Cyclical Unemployment Changes Management

Question: Discuss about the Cyclical Unemployment Changes Management. Answer: Introduction: For a long time now, unemployment has been a major issue globally. Today, the continued loss of employment opportunities in the Australian economy has brought about a significant increase in unemployment in the country. Primarily, persons are considered unemployed if they fail to work for approximately one paid hour per week, yet they were actively looking for employment opportunities. Typically, joblessness in Australia is mainly due to lack of skilled labor. As such, a large proportion of the population comprises of young and older persons who lack the capacity and skills required by employers. For this reason, the government has identified lack of job opportunities as a propeller of unemployment and has put instigated structural reforms such as tax reductions, incentives for local firms to encourage expansion rather than closure, budgetary policies, and other reforms. Cyclical unemployment changes with respect to variations in economic conditions. Normally, it is dictated by aggregate demand in the economy. Therefore, less demand in the economy causes reduced production (Amadeo, 2016). In turn, this leads loss of jobs for many workers .During the recession, many people lose their jobs due to tough economic times. The most common case of cyclical unemployment was witnessed in 1922-33 during the great depression where Australias unemployment rate escalated to over 30 percent (Kent, 2014). During expansions in the business cycle, cyclical unemployment reduces significantly. Particularly, this is caused by the maximization of economic output in the Australian economy. This form of unemployment is hinged on demand. Less demand of a good or service means most workers will be laid off. Frictional Unemployment Normally, this form of unemployment arises when workers leave their current jobs with the hope of getting better opportunities in the job market. Additionally, this unemployment is fuelled by demographic changes owing to the fact that young and new employees in the labor force have higher turnover rates as they look for more suitable job opportunities. Unlike structural and cyclical forms of unemployment, frictional unemployment is voluntary on the part of the worker. During recessive periods in Australia, frictional unemployment tends to drop since workers are afraid of losing their jobs due to the slim chances of securing another job. It is imperative to note that structural unemployment is the most predominant form of unemployment in Australia today. Predominantly, it occurs where exists a disparity between the skills and expertise possessed by workers in the labor force and the skills that the employers demand. Therefore, the mismatch between the demand and supply in the economy causes the high levels of structural employment in the Australian economy (Pettinger, 2012). Consequently, a majority of the Australian population do not qualify for the available jobs in the country, thereby leading to the escalation of structural unemployment in the country (Kent, 2014). Generally, the extensiveness of this form of unemployment is attributed to various factors. First, the limited geographical mobility of the labor force to areas with great job opportunities has contributed to structural unemployment. In addition, the continuous automation of production processes has caused many industries to replace human labor with machines and robots (Kent, 2014). Consequently, this has led to high losses of jobs, thereby increasing the level of unemployment in the country. Besides, the persistent fall in consumer confidence and government legislations to reduce public sector jobs in Australia have contributed largely to this form of unemployment (Amadeo, 2016). It is worth noting that long term unemployment has become an unending issue in the Australian economy (Fowkes, 2011). In Australia, an individual is regarded as being long term unemployed if they remain jobless for more than 52 weeks. Today, this form of unemployment is exhilarating that the Australian government has created an income support program for the long term unemployed (Fowkes, 2011). Generally, individuals with minimal levels of formal education are more susceptible to long term unemployment than those with formal education. Today, this unemployment occurs among populations with poor physical and mental health (Wade, 2014). Workers who stay unemployed for long periods of time have no place in the current job market thereby causing long-term unemployment. Mainly, this is because their skills are considered to have lost value. What is more, many employers prefer to hire workers with recent work experiences. As at 2014, the number of people suffering from long-term unemployment was 170600, having increased from 12000 in 2013 (Wade, 2014). Limited Job Opportunities for Older Workers According to the ABS (2016), mature aged persons are unlikely to get employed due to their capacity to do less work. In Australia, labor force participation rates for older workers is very low. Discrimination of older workers when it comes to job opportunities is rampant. Poor education, outdated skills, or redundant skills due to the decline of some industries are some of the factors that lock out older workers when it comes to securing and maintaining job opportunities. It is presumed that older workers are less likely to respond and blend well with vocational training or different approaches to training. Such assumptions make old workers less likely to be hired by prospective employers who go for the youthful labor force. In Australia, unemployment can persists even in times of labor and skills shortage. Persons with disabilities are also less likely to be employed in the Australian economy due to their physical and mental incapacities. Similarly for old workers who suffer age-rel ated shortcomings such as health conditions and injuries. Old workers and persons with disabilities are less likely to get employed even in good economic times due to their incapacity to work round the clock due to their physical and mental incapacities (ABS 2011). The government ought to mitigate the effects of long term unemployment. The government should introduce policies that protect older workers and persons with disabilities from any form of economic discrimination by prospective employers. Unemployment of old persons takes a toll of the government due to maintenance costs and lack of taxation .The government usually derives part of its revenue from taxation of income earning persons .in this case, older workers, cannot be taxed since they lack meaningful employment opportunities. Good working conditions for the old workers is another motivation for them to seek employment opportunities unlike the existence of the contrary. Reports indicate that the rate of youth joblessness in Australia increased from 13.57% to 12.55% percent between October and November of 2016 (Youth Unemployment 2016). Currently, youth unemployment is a major challenge for affecting the Australian economy. The government allocated 330 million in its federal budget under the youth employment strategy as a move to reduce high unemployment rates among the youth in Australia. Youth unemployment is mainly is attributed to the fact that the youth lack requisite skills for the jobs available in the economy. In addition, they are disadvantaged in the job market since they lack years of experience, something that most employees are looking for in their employees (Youth Unemployment 2017). Although young people are likely to suffer from high unemployment levels, they are less susceptible to long term unemployment. Youth unemployment can be eradicated through the introduction and implementation of non-discriminative economic laws and creation of job opportunities. Affordable education and training can help prepare the youth for the existing job market thereby rendering their skills currency in value (Youth Unemployment 2016). The implementation of paid internships, earlier career guidance, works experience opportunities are some of the policies to eradicate youth unemployment. An active partnership between education institutions and employers on curriculum and job opportunities will help shape the students for the job market later on in their lives (Hermant, 2014). Lack of job opportunities in the Australian economy is also a cause of the unemployment spells in the economy (ABS 2016). The existence of job opportunities creates the demand for workers. Lack of this opportunities is what leads to unemployment. Thus, there ought to exist job opportunities for workers with respective requisite skills to apply and put their skills to economic use (Smerdon, 2015). Loss of job opportunities can be caused by a decline in industries, change in demand patterns in an economy, poor government policies that discourage the growth of businesses thereby leading to their closure among other reasons. Government Policies on Unemployment Having recognized that unemployment is a significant issue in the Australian economy, the government has instigated a number of measures to curb the rising rates of unemployment among its people. Essentially, the government has implemented demand and supply management policies to increase macroeconomic efficiency and reforms within the economy. Some time back, the Reserve Bank of Australia used expansionary monetary policy to stimulate the economy and in turn increase unemployment. Particularly, it lowered interest rates to stimulate investments in the country. In turn, this led to increased employment opportunities in the country. In addition, it introduced tax cuts and breaks in the country (Jericho, 2016). Aggregate supply policies introduced by the Australian government to curb unemployment include tax reforms. Usually, the government acts by lowering of company taxes thereby creating incentives for more companies to come into existence. Furthermore, the deregulation of the labor market has enhanced competition and led to reduced wage costs for firms. In turn, this has allowed firms to employ more workers to increase their productivity (The contribution 2005). Additionally, the government has invested in education and training to equip workers with the required skills and expertise. In turn, this has improved efficiency levels of the companies and enhance competitiveness in local firms trough increased skills and increased employability. It has also brought about major decreases in the level of structural unemployment in the country (Kent, 2014). Welfare access has also been tightened to reduce welfare traps and increase working incentives for the employed workers. In addition, the Australian government has implemented welfare reforms to increase the workers participation in the labor force and work. Reduced corporate taxes have been used to increase businesses after-tax profits. In turn, this has led to great competitiveness among local firms, something that has promotes the expansion of opportunities for local businesses. It is recommendable that the Australian government has introduced an income support system for the unemployed to reduce their dependency on the employed. By and large, this acts as a public welfare safety net to support individuals (Pettinger, 2014). Predominantly, the scheme is noncontributory and selective. Mainly, it aims at assisting persons with categorized needs on a presumed need basis. Basically, it comprises of child endowment and family allowances. The system works on a determined condition that the beneficiary exhibits incapacity to work. It mainly deals with persons with disabilities. There are also other forms of income guarantee proposals initiated by the Australian government. These proposals comprise of, guaranteed minimum income (GMI), basic income and Negative income tax. Largely, GMI and NIT are selective models whereas basic income model is universal. A basic income system is too expensive to implement in the country as compared to the other two models. For this reason, a non-conditional guaranteed minimal income and negative income tax will ensure that every citizen has an income thereby providing a safety net for workers facing unemployment. Also, the introduction of the national work experience program aims to reduce unemployment rates. Particularly, the program seeks to allow persons looking for jobs to work temporarily without pay to gain work experience and reduce long term unemployment. With such programs, unemployment will fall eventually. Also, it is worth highlighting the fact that labor tribunals have been introduced in Australia to deal with cases of unlawful work dismissal (The Contribution 2005). Such tribunals hear and determine labor-related disputes between employees and their employers. In cases of unjust dismissal, workers are compensated or reinstated. Remarkably, the labor tribunals have lowered unemployment rates in cases of employed workers. Any worker aggrieved by the working conditions provided by the employer has the right to petition the tribunal for safe working conditions. In cases of low or substandard wages, an aggrieved worker as the right to move the tribunal to intervene. To discourage unemployment, the government has put in place education and training institutions (Common Wealth 2015). Unemployment Conditions in 2016 As a country, Australia is divided into several states, among them Queensland, West Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales among others. As a whole, the individual performance of individual states combines to determine the overall performance of the Australian community. Over the past few years, the unemployment rates in Wales. The unemployment has fallen to 5.1% for the months of January to march 2016 (Unemployment 2016). In addition, the number of employed persons in Wales has increased to 76,000 higher than in the year 2015.The number of the unemployed people and those unable to work is 26000 lower than the preceding year. Wales has been the only region in Australia with increased employment rates (Unemployment 2016). Mainly, these rates have increased due to investments having been put in place rebalancing the economy. Welfare reforms have been improved to improving the living standards of the people. By and large, employment levels have improved due to the government initiated job opportunities and private sector investments in the creation of job opportunities leading to many unemployed persons gaining meaningful employment .Employed persons experience better living standards unlike unemployed persons in all regions of Australia. Comment on Unemployment in Various States of Australia. In most Australian states, high unemployment arises due to lack of job opportunities and the inability of some people to take up the job opportunities owing to incapacities such as old age, physical and mental inabilities. Mostly, such factors render individuals unfit to partake in employment opportunities. Last year, the level of unemployment in New South Wales was reported at 5.8% percent (ABS 2016). On the other hand, South Australia had an unemployment figure of 5.5%. In Victoria and Queensland, unemployment levels were reported at 5.4% and 5.9% percent respectively (Scutt, 2015). It is worth noting that the Tasmania state has always had high unemployment rates, as high as 6.5% as at November 2016.Currently, a large proportion of the youth population in Tasmania remains unemployed (Scutt, 2015). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016), South Australia has the second largest youth unemployment rate at 15.4 percent, with the unemployment level in west Adelaide and Barossa region contributing 12.7 and 19.2 percent respectively. In 2008, youth unemployment in Victoria was reported as 9 .4 percent in 2008. Later, it rose to 14.9 percent in 2015 (Scutt, 2015). The Geelong and Hume regions have the biggest unemployment rates above 18 percent (Scutt, 2015). On the other hand, Queensland was the fourth region with high youthful unemployment rates at 13.9 percent in 2015. 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